(This post explicates the difference between coupon rate and yield to maturity) Bonds: A bond is a debt instrument issued by a company or the Government to raise capital by way of borrowing from the investors. The investors in the bonds are debt holders (lenders/creditors). The issuer of bonds is obliged to pay bondholders the…
The books held by the banks may be identified as banking book and trading book. Banking book held by the bank is important for the risk management practice; more so in the context of capital treatment of banks’ balance sheet items under Basel framework. In accounting jargon banking book is referred to registers of accounts…
Discount rates, also known as discount factors, refer to the interest rate used in discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis to determine the present value of future cash flows. Another meaning of the term “discount rate” is the rate used by pension plans and insurance companies for discounting their liabilities. Third system of calculating discount rate…
Companies across the world, while reporting the financial statement abide by the specific accounting regulations of their country of business. For example, companies that have business activities in India have to adopt the Indian Accounting Standard (abbreviated as Ind-AS) while reporting the financial statement, similarly, the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)’ of the US are…
(This post explains what are NPV, IRR, DCF, Time value of money, Hurdle rate or opportunity cost of capital, accounting rate of return, pay- back period etc.) The price of groceries or any other items purchased by you today will not be same next year. The purchasing ability of a Rupee today is different (normally…
Benefit to cost ratio is used to calculate the NPV in a proportion or ratio format. Here, the present value of future cash flows is calculated on proportion method, though, the method of calculation is similar to NPV method. Benefit to cost= Present value of investment/ present value (PV) of future inflows. If the ratio…
Sinking fund is also known as depreciation fund. Sinking Fund is a fund into which a company sets aside its revenue over a period of time, in order to fund a future capital expense or used to replace the asset at the end of its useful life or for gradual repayment of company’s long-term debt.…
Annuity is a fixed sum of money paid to the investor or insurer to a series of annual sums for specific length of time or the rest of their life. In the case of reverse mortgage loan provided to senior citizen against security of their home is another example where loan amount is used to…
EMI is acronym to an equated monthly installment (EMI). It is a fixed amount payable by a borrower to a lender at each calendar month at a stated date. Under this system the principal and interest thereon is repaid through equal monthly interest over the fixed tenure of the loan. EMI is fixed based on…
When a lender grants loan to a borrower, he charges fee (interest) on money lent. The interest payable by the borrower may be simple interest or compound interest. Simple interest means interest charged at flat rate only on the principal amount. In the other words the interest will not be charged on the interest debited…