Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is derived from the underlying assets, such as commodities, stocks, bonds, currencies, or interest rates. Common types of derivatives include futures, options, swaps, and forwards. Futures contracts are available on Equities, Indices, Currency and Commodities. Derivatives can be traded over-the-counter (OTC) or through a regulated exchange. Derivative contracts generally…
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) revised guidelines for credit default swaps (CDS which is effective from May 9, 2022. CDS is a contract in which a counterparty (seller) commits to compensate the other counterparty (buyer) for the loss in the value of an underlying debt instrument.As per RBI guidelines,CDS directions of Central Bank will…
The Issuer of Initial Public Offering (IPO) should be a company incorporated under the Companies Act 1956 / 2013 in India. A company with a profitable track record (in the last 3 financial years), a net worth of Rs. 3 crore, a debt-to-equity ratio below 2:1, and a pre-IPO market cap of Rs. 100 crore,…
Qualified Institutional Placement (QIP) may be defined as the allotment of securities by a listed company to Qualified Institutional buyers on a “private placement basis”. Private Placement means an offer of securities or invitation to subscribe securities to a select group of persons by a company (other than by way of public offer) through the…
The primary market is where companies and governments issue securities, such as Shares, and Bonds, for the first time, and sell them directly to investors. The primary market is also known as the new issues market. The primary market is where companies offer their shares for the first time to the general public, the offer…
Capital markets are financial markets where financial securities and assets are bought and sold. Capital markets may include trading in bonds, derivatives, and commodities, in addition to stocks. A stock market is a particular category of the capital market that only trades shares of corporations. The primary market is predominantly known as the “new issue…
Financial regulators are government agencies responsible for overseeing and regulating financial institutions and markets. The role of regulators of financial sectors encompasses a comprehensive framework of laws, rules, and procedures established by governments and financial authorities. Its essential objectives are to maintain stability and integrity in the financial system, protect consumer interests, and foster fairness…
The money supply is the entire stock of currency and other liquid instruments circulating in a country’s economy at a specific time. The circulating money involves the currency, printed notes, money in the deposit accounts, and the form of other liquid assets. In India, the Reserve Bank of India follows M0, M1, M2, M3, and…
Repo suggests the rate at which liquidity is injected into the banking system whereas Reverse Repo is the rate at which RBI absorbs liquidity from the banks. RBI controls the money supply in the country by effecting the changes in repo rate & reverse repo rate. Therefore repo and SDF (reverse repo rate) are known…
A money market is said to be in equilibrium if the quantity of money demanded is equal to the quantity of money supplied at a particular rate of interest. A shift in money demand or supply in an economy will lead to a change in the equilibrium interest rate. The money market involves of money…