Edited on 27.12.2021 Amortization refers to the process of paying off debt over time in regular equal payment consisting of interest and principal loan amount sufficient to repay the loan in full by its maturity date. Amortization also refers to the spreading out of capital expenses (similar to depreciation) related to intangible assets over a…
In the accounting procedures, there are two methods of recording accounts viz. Accrual basis of accounting and cash basis accounting. Accrual accounting is a financial accounting method that allows a company to record revenue before receiving payment for goods or services sold or expenses are recorded as incurred before the company has paid for them.…
Accounting Standard (Ind AS 37) defines and specifies the accounting for and disclosure of provisions, contingent liabilities, and contingent assets. A contingent liability is a liability that may occur depending on the outcome of an uncertain future event. It is a possible obligation that may or may not arise depending on how a future event…
Undisclosed reserves are on the books of the banks, but “hidden” from the public and not listed on the balance sheets or other financial statements. Such reserves are part of Tier 2 capital of the bank along with general loan-loss, revaluation reserves hybrid capital instruments, and subordinated term debt. The undisclosed reserves are generally getting…
Accounting rate of return (ARR) is a formula that reflects the percentage rate of return expected on an investment, or asset, compared to the initial investment’s cost. ARR calculation can be helpful for a business to determine whether going ahead with a particular investment is the right move. How to calculate ARR? The investing entity…
Edited and reposted on August 19, 2021 The Capital Budgeting (also known as investment appraisal) is the process of project appraisal to decide whether the big investment in such a long term project is worth pursuing. The long term investment may be needed to a company for technology up gradations, purchase of new machinery, expansion…
Both reserves and provisions refer to the amount retained by an organization to deal with all possible contingencies in the future. In accounting parlance, reserves are appropriations out of profits and provisions are charges against profits. Although the IFRS Standards sometimes call provisions a ‘reserve’, they are not the same thing – a provision is…
Revaluation reserves arise from revaluation of assets that are undervalued in the bank’s books. These assets which can be revalued are bank premises and marketable securities. Such revalued reserves often serve as a cushion against unexpected losses, but they may be temporary in nature and cannot be considered as ‘Core Capital’ of a bank. The…
The audit is classified into many different types and levels of assurance according to the objectives, scopes, purposes, and procedures of how auditing is performed. The financial statement auditing is done normally in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (ISA) as well as other local auditing standards. An operational audit involves checking the efficiency of…
Historically, the internal audit system in banks has been concentrating on transaction testing, testing of accuracy and reliability of accounting records and financial reports, integrity, reliability, and timeliness of control reports, and adherence to legal and regulatory requirements. Recently, vide circular DoS.CO.PPG./SEC.04/11.01.005/2020-21 dated January 07, 2021, RBI asked banks to align their internal audit function…