Books of Accounts include documents and books used in the preparation of financial statements. It includes journals, ledgers, cash book,s and subsidiary books. The principal book of accounts in a bank is the General Ledger (GL), which is also known as the book of final entry. Banks maintain a general ledger that summarizes all financial…
Section 5(b) of the Banking Regulation Act of 1949 defines “banking means the accepting, for the purpose of lending or investment, of deposits of money from the public, repayable on demand or otherwise, and withdrawable by cheque, draft, and order or otherwise”. Deposits accepted by the banking institution are the money received from the people…
A company’s cash flow and fund flow statements reflect two different variables during a specific period. The funds flow statement takes both cash and non-cash items for accounting. A funds flow statement is useful to study the funds exactly available for working capital from long-term sources. It also enables the assessment of an entity’s ability…
In accounting there are generally four different kinds of financial statements namely the balance sheet, the income statement, the cash flow statement, and the fund flow statement. Here, we delve into the last two. The Cash flow statement represents the actual inflow, and outflow of cash, and the increased or decreased position of cash and…
Profitability ratios help a business entity as well as the lenders/investors to evaluate the ability to generate income as compared to its expenses and other cost associated with generation of income during a particular period. Profitability Ratios also help the managements in making business decision in respect of expansion or diversification of the business. As…
The Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) will introduce dedicated PF withdrawal cards to PF subscribers. The PF withdrawal cards will function similarly to regular bank ATM cards. Withdrawals will be capped at 50% of the PF balance to ensure fund availability for emergencies. According to various news reports, Labour Ministry Secretary Sumita Dawra announced the…
The Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS), as notified under section 133 of the Companies Act 2013, were first implemented voluntarily in India on April 1, 2015. They became mandatory for certain companies on April 1, 2016, and were later extended to other companies and sectors. The main objective of Indian accounting standards (Ind-AS) is to…
The balance sheet of an entity may be presented in a few different formats, including: Report form This is the most common format, with assets listed first, then liabilities, and finally equity. The formula for a balance sheet is total assets = total liabilities + total equity. Account form This is a horizontal format that…
A partnership firm is a business owned by two or more people who have agreed to share profits and act on behalf of the business. The people who own the business are called partners, and the name of the business is the firm name. An LLC is a privately held business that combines the characteristics…
The issue of shares refers to the process by which a company raises money by selling ownership stakes in the form of shares of stock to investors for a variety of purposes like expansion plans, repayment of debts, improving liquidity, or a plan to increase the long-term source of capital that helps a company operate…