Banking regulation is fundamental to the integrity and stability of the financial system. It serves to prevent bank failures, protect depositors, reduce systemic risks, and promote public confidence. Effective regulation ensures that banks operate in a safe, sound, and transparent manner, enabling efficient capital allocation and fostering sustainable economic growth. Necessity of Banking Regulation 1.…
Risk regulation is a cornerstone of financial stability. Banks operate in a complex environment and are exposed to various risks that can impact their solvency, profitability, and public trust. To safeguard the financial system, banks must adhere to stringent regulatory frameworks designed to ensure sound risk management and operational integrity. Key Risk Areas in Banking…
In banking parlance ‘Capital charge’ refers to capital requirement (also known as regulatory capital or capital adequacy). The capital charge is usually articulated as a capital adequacy ratio (CAR) of equity that must be held as a percentage of risk-weighted assets. The banking regulator of a country tracks a bank’s CAR to ensure that the…
Off-Balance Sheet (OBS) exposures refer to financial activities that do not appear on a bank’s balance sheet but can still present significant risks. These activities typically involve contingent assets or liabilities—such as loan commitments, letters of credit, and derivatives—that may result in potential gains or losses depending on future events. Understanding and managing these exposures…
In the context of banking and regulatory capital management, it is essential to distinguish between the banking book and the trading book, as each carries distinct types of risk and is subject to different regulatory treatments under the Basel framework. Interest Rate Risk in the Banking Book (IRRBB) IRRBB refers to the current or anticipated…
IntroductionThe banking business is inherently exposed to a wide range of risks that can adversely affect its financial health, operational integrity, and reputation. These risks—if not properly identified and managed—can lead to substantial losses and systemic instability. Risk identification is the foundational step in a bank’s risk management process, serving as the basis for proactive…
IntroductionRisk management is an essential discipline that enables organizations to systematically identify, assess, and address potential threats and uncertainties. By doing so, it safeguards organizational assets, supports strategic decision-making, and enhances resilience. Far from being merely a defensive mechanism, effective risk management serves as a proactive tool for achieving sustainable growth, maintaining regulatory compliance, and…
IntroductionIn the realm of finance and investment, the interrelationship among risk, capital, and return forms the cornerstone of strategic decision-making. The risk–return spectrum—also referred to as the risk–return trade-off or risk–reward relationship—highlights the principle that the potential for higher returns is intrinsically linked to a higher level of risk. Conversely, investments with lower risk profiles…
IntroductionRisk, in the context of business and organizational operations, refers to the potential for loss, damage, or adverse consequences resulting from uncertain events or conditions. It signifies the possibility that undesirable outcomes may impact various facets of an organization, including its financial performance, operational continuity, regulatory compliance, and reputation. To address these uncertainties effectively, organizations…
In order to protect depositors from the risk of a bank becoming insolvent, the banking regulator has prescribed banks and other authorised financial institutions to fund themselves with a minimum amount of capital (CAR) in terms of Basel III Framework on Liquidity Standards – Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR), Liquidity Risk Monitoring Tools and LCR Disclosure…
