After more than six decades, India bids farewell to the Income-tax Act, 1961. On August 11, 2025, the Lok Sabha passed the Income-Tax (No. 2) Bill, 2025, marking the most sweeping tax reform in generations. The Bill—shaped by 285 recommendations from the Parliamentary Select Committee led by MP Baijayant Panda—promises **S.I.M.P.L.E.** compliance: *Streamlined, Integrated, Minimized…
Transfer pricing has a significant impact on overseas projects and multinational corporations (MNCs) by influencing how profits, costs, and tax liabilities are allocated among different subsidiaries operating in various countries. This practice affects international capital budgeting, tax compliance, investment decisions, and overall financial performance of MNCs. Key impacts of transfer pricing include: In summary, transfer…
Evaluation methods for overseas projects encompass various approaches tailored to assess financial viability, risk, effectiveness, and broader impacts. These methods are designed to address the unique challenges of international contexts, such as currency risk, political environment, and cultural differences. Here is a detailed overview: 1. Pre-Project Evaluation (Feasibility Assessment) 2. Financial Evaluation Methods 3. Risk…
When evaluating overseas projects, organizations use several approaches to assess the feasibility, performance, and impact of the projects. The evaluation approaches for overseas projects generally involve financial, operational, and strategic assessments to ensure informed decision-making. Here are key approaches commonly employed: These approaches are typically integrated for a comprehensive evaluation framework that considers financial returns,…
Capital budgeting is an essential function for any business planning new investments, and it becomes particularly complex when undertaken in an international context. For banks and financial institutions engaged in or advising on overseas projects, understanding the unique international capital budgeting issues is critical to making informed investment decisions that enhance shareholder value while managing…
Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) is a financial model used to determine the expected return on an asset by considering its exposure to multiple sources of systematic risk. Developed by economist Stephen Ross in 1976 as an alternative to the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), APT offers a more flexible and multifactor approach to asset pricing.…
View Post The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is a fundamental financial model used to determine the expected return on an investment, considering its risk relative to the overall market. CAPM establishes a linear relationship between the expected return of an asset and its systematic risk, measured by beta. Key Elements of CAPM • Expected…
Exchange risk and country risk are two fundamental sources of uncertainty that investors face when considering foreign investments. Both directly influence the expected return and overall risk profile of international projects and portfolio allocations. Exchange Risk (Foreign Exchange Risk) Exchange risk arises from fluctuations in currency exchange rates between a project’s foreign currency and the…
International portfolio investment refers to purchasing financial assets such as stocks, bonds, or securities in foreign countries to diversify investments globally. This can be achieved through both direct and indirect channels, each with distinct characteristics and mechanisms. Direct Channels Direct channels involve investors directly purchasing foreign securities without intermediaries. Investors acquire financial assets listed on…
Institutional constraints in foreign investment and international portfolio investment refer to the formal and informal rules, regulations, policies, and organizational frameworks that affect cross-border investment activities. These constraints shape how foreign investors—such as multinational corporations, institutional investors, and portfolio managers—navigate the challenges and opportunities of investing in foreign countries. They have a significant impact on…
