Monthly Archives: August 2025

Ethical and Non-Financial Considerations in Business Decision-Making

Introduction While financial metrics like profit, cash flow, and ROI remain central to business decision-making, ethical and non-financial considerations are now recognized as essential to building sustainable, trustworthy, and successful organizations. These additional factors safeguard a company’s reputation, long-term viability, and stakeholder trust—making them critical in today’s highly transparent and accountability-driven business environment. 1. Ethical…

Decision Making Using Activity-Based Costing (ABC)

Introduction Activity-Based Costing (ABC) is a refined costing approach that allocates overheads and indirect costs to products, services, or processes based on the activities they consume. In decision-making, ABC gives managers clear insights into true cost drivers, enabling better pricing, product mix selection, and strategic decisions. How ABC Works ABC assigns costs through:• Identifying key…

Decision Making using Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Analysis

Introduction Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) analysis is a powerful financial tool that connects the dots between costs, sales volume, and profits. It helps businesses answer key questions: How many units must be sold to break even? What happens to profit if costs or prices change? CVP analysis is crucial for managers making pricing, production, and resource allocation…

Risk Analysis in Practice: Practical Insights for Bankers

Risk analysis isn’t just theory—it’s an everyday reality that keeps banks safe and sound. Here’s a simple breakdown of how banks do risk analysis in practice, with useful tools and examples you can relate to. How Banks Handle Risk Analysis Step-by-Step 1. Spotting the Risks Banks look out for all kinds of risks: 2. Measuring…

Project selection Under Risk and Uncertainty

Making capital investment decisions in banking isn’t always straightforward. Risks and uncertainties—like economic changes, new regulations, or shifting customer behavior—can all impact whether a project delivers the expected returns. So, how can banks confidently evaluate investments when the future is unclear? Let’s explore some practical tools and approaches that can help. Why Risk and Uncertainty…

Managing Risk in Capital Budgeting: A Guide for Bankers

Capital budgeting is about more than just picking the best investment—it’s about managing the risks that come with those decisions. For banks, smart risk management in capital budgeting protects your institution’s value and sets you up for long-term success. Here’s how you can effectively manage risk in your capital budgeting process. Why Managing Risk Matters…

Corporate Risk Analysis in Capital Budgeting: What Every Banker Should Know

Capital budgeting—it’s a term you hear all the time in banking and finance circles, but what does it really mean for your bottom line? At its heart, it’s all about making smart, long-term investment decisions and, just as importantly, understanding the risks that come with those decisions. Let’s break down how corporate risk analysis fits…

Strategic Project Evaluation with Decision Tree Techniques

A capital budgeting decision tree shows the cash flows and net present value of the project under differing possible circumstances. Capital budgeting is one of the most critical decisions for banks and financial institutions. It involves evaluating potential investments or projects to determine which are worth funding. As these decisions often involve significant uncertainty and…

Simulation Analysis in Capital Budgeting

Executive Summary Simulation analysis is one of the most advanced tools in capital budgeting for quantifying risk and uncertainty. By modeling a wide range of possible scenarios and outcomes, it helps financial managers evaluate projects more realistically than traditional techniques like sensitivity or scenario analysis. This article introduces the principles, process, advantages, limitations, and practical…

The Hillier Model: Quantifying Risk in Capital Budgeting

The Hillier Model provides a quantitative approach to assess project risk in capital budgeting by calculating the standard deviation of expected cash flows. Developed by F.S. Hillier, this method considers the correlation between cash flows across years and enables more precise evaluation of a project’s uncertainty. This document analyzes the model, its mathematical foundations, practical…