Monthly Archives: September 2025

Analyzing Risk at Every Level: Business, Financial, Industry, and External Risk Factors

A robust credit assessment distinguishes between obligor/borrower risk, business (operating) risk, and financial risk, then evaluates how these risks interact across industry, entity, and portfolio levels. This integrated view helps align underwriting with risk appetite, price loans for risk, and anticipate early warning signals. Obligor/borrower risk Obligor risk refers to the borrower’s overall capacity and…

Balancing Goals with Risk and Reward: Strategy, Risk Appetite, and Loan Policy in Banking

Credit Risk Management (CRM) is the backbone of sound banking practices. It ensures that banks strike a balance between growth-oriented lending and prudent risk control. An effective framework combines strategy, financial goals, loan policies, due diligence, underwriting standards, and organizational discipline to safeguard both customer trust and shareholder value. Strategic Approach to Credit Risk Credit…

Foundations of Credit Risk: Framework, Culture, and Core Building Blocks

Credit risk management is essential to protect capital, sustain earnings, and enable prudent growth across credit cycles, making it a foundational pillar of safe and sound banking practice. Need for a framework A formal credit risk management framework ensures risks are consistently identified, measured, monitored, controlled, and reported across the credit lifecycle, aligning day-to-day lending…

A Guide to Credit Risk: Balancing Borrower, Portfolio, Systematic, and Unsystematic Exposures

Credit risk is at the heart of banking and finance. Every loan or investment carries the possibility that the borrower may fail to meet repayment obligations, creating a serious challenge for financial institutions. A well-structured credit risk management framework helps in identifying, measuring, monitoring, and controlling this risk so that banks can protect their balance…

Liquidity Risk Management: Concepts, Drivers, and a Robust Framework for Indian Banks

Subtitle: A practitioner’s guide to liquidity, solvency, measurement, stress testing, and governance IntroductionLiquidity is the ability of a bank to fund asset growth and meet obligations as they fall due without incurring unacceptable losses; solvency concerns long-term capital adequacy and balance sheet net worth. The two are related but distinct—institutions can be solvent yet illiquid…

New Trends in Indian Banking and the Road Ahead for Risk Management

India’s banking system is in the midst of a decisive shift driven by digital public infrastructure, AI-enabled operations, regulatory tightening, and a renewed focus on resilience and inclusion. The go-forward risk agenda must integrate technology, governance, and forward-looking stress capabilities to safeguard growth while enabling innovation. Digital rails and embedded finance Responsible AI and analytics…

Duration Gap, Stress Testing, and Backtesting in Bank ALM: A Practitioner’s Guide

Duration GAP Analysis, stress testing, and backtesting are foundational tools in a bank’s Asset-Liability Management (ALM) toolkit to manage interest rate risk and protect both earnings and economic value of equity (EVE). Structured measurement reports connect these analytics to governance, limits, and action. This article outlines a cohesive approach suitable for policy frameworks and ALCO…

Enterprise Risk Management in Banking: A Comprehensive Perspective

Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) has emerged as a cornerstone of responsible governance and sustainable growth in the banking sector. As institutions operate in increasingly complex environments marked by regulatory pressures, technological advancements, and market volatility, a well-structured ERM framework ensures the identification, assessment, and management of both threats and opportunities. Enterprise Risk Management Defined ERM…

A Practical Playbook for Banks: Risk Measurement, Mitigation, Monitoring & Control, and MIS

Banks sustain resilience by turning risk into measurable metrics, reducing exposures through targeted actions, enforcing disciplined controls, and powering decision-making with a reliable Management Information System. This article lays out a practitioner-friendly framework and templates that can drop into policies and procedures. Risk measurement Risk measurement transforms uncertainty into decision-ready metrics across credit, market, liquidity,…

Building a Strong Risk Framework: Organisational Structure, Policies, and Processes in Banking

In the dynamic world of banking, risk management forms the foundation of stability, trust, and long-term value creation. Banks operate in an inherently risky environment, exposed to credit risks, market fluctuations, operational challenges, cyber threats, and compliance obligations. A well-defined organisational structure, supported by a clear risk management policy, consistent appetite setting, and robust identification…