The Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which is the total value of goods and services produced in a country, keeps fluctuating over time due to expansion and contraction in economic activity. This experience of expansion and contraction in an economy from time to time is known as the business cycle. A business cycle is completed when…
Regional Economic cooperation refers to an agreement between groups of countries in a geographic region, to promote economic cooperation by reducing trade barriers and non-tariff barriers to the free flow of goods, services, and factors of production between each other. The objective of regional economic cooperation is to promote the welfare of the peoples of…
From various theories like classical theory, loanable-fund theory, neo-classical theory of Pigou, and determining the rate of interest put forward from time to time, we have seen that all these theories suffer from various drawbacks and are indeterminate. The Keynesian theory considered only the monetary factors and the classical theory only the real factors as…
(This article elucidates Keynes’ Liquidity Preference Theory of Rate of Interest, Money Demand Determination of Rate of Interest: Equilibrium in the Money Market, Effect of an Increase in the Money in Money Demand or Liquidity Preference Curve, The Liquidity Preference Theory, proposed by John Maynard Keynes, explains interest rate determination based on people’s preference for…
Economists like Ricardo, J. S. Mill, Marshall, and Pigou developed the classical theory of interest which is also known as the capital theory of interest, the saving-investment theory of interest, or the real theory of interest. In the classical theory, the equilibrium rate of interest is the one that equals the supply of loanable funds…
In an inflationary atmosphere, unevenly rising prices inescapably reduce the purchasing power of some consumers, which can lead to erosion of real income. Some people, who purely live on interest income such as retirees, may find it challenging to keep up with rising prices, potentially diminishing their purchasing power. When prices rise, each unit of…
Inflation is caused by a variety of causes such as increase in wages, increase in the price of raw materials, increase in taxes, decline in productivity, supply chain disruptions, rising fuel prices, increase in money supply etc. The main causes of inflation can be grouped into three broad categories viz. Demand-pull inflation, Cost-push inflation, and…
We know that when demand and supply curves shift, prices adjust to maintain a balance between the quantity of a good demanded and the quantity supplied. However, if prices did not adjust to changes in demand and supply quantity, this balance could not be maintained. Under the circumstances that shift the demand curve or the…
Supply is defined as the specific product available to the market for consumption. Demand is the amount of a specific product a consumer can purchase at each price. The supply and demand are deeply correlated. These two concepts of supply and demand are tangled to create market equilibrium which defines the availability of goods in…
Equilibrium is the state in which market supply and demand balance each other, and prices become stable. Generally, an over-supply of goods or services causes prices to go down, which results in higher demand—while an under-supply or shortage causes prices to go up resulting in less demand. When the quantity demand exceeds the quantity supplied,…