Free notes, textbooks, and exam-focused resources designed for Indian banking professionals.
(Step‑by‑step practical examples for the key formulas and relations used in option valuation, using plain numbers and intuitive explanations) Option valuation estimates the fair value of an option by modeling…
[At the bottom of this article you will find, practical, finance‑ready examples that apply each formula step by step, with clean numbers and brief interpretations] Executive SummaryProbability theory underpins quantitative…
Statistics forms the backbone of data-driven decision-making in banking, finance, and economics. By applying various statistical measures, financial professionals can identify patterns, assess risks, and evaluate performance across portfolios and…
A swap is an over-the-counter derivative in which two parties agree to exchange cash flows based on specified terms for a defined period, typically without exchanging principal and with cash…
An option is a derivative contract that grants the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at a specified strike price on or…
(This article presents how futures differ from forwards, why clearing and margining matter for performance assurance, how pricing links to carry and yield curves, and how settlement conventions and market…
IntroductionA forward contract is a customized agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a predetermined price on a specified future date, widely used for hedging price…
A derivative is a financial contract whose value is linked to an underlying asset, index, rate, or benchmark; it is used for hedging risk, speculation, and arbitrage, and trades either…
Risk-Based Internal Audit is a forward-looking methodology that aligns audit priorities with the enterprise’s top risks so assurance focuses on what truly matters for strategy, compliance, and resilience. It connects…
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