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      Special Audits v/s Regular Audit: Purpose, Process, and Examples
      Accounting, BRBLBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 31, 2025

      In the world of banking and business, audits play a crucial role in maintaining financial transparency and regulatory compliance. While routine audits examine overall financial health, a **special audit** is different. It is conducted only under specific circumstances—such as suspected fraud, compliance violations, or financial irregularities. Unlike regular audits, which cover the entire financial landscape,…

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      Understanding Information Systems Audit (IS Audit)
      AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 30, 2025

      An Information Systems Audit (IS Audit) is a specialized review conducted to ensure the security, integrity, and effectiveness of an organization’s information technology infrastructure, especially vital in banking. IS Audit focuses on evaluating IT controls, risk management, and compliance within the computerized environment of banks. Purpose and Scope An IS Audit in banking aims to:…

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      Explained: Requirements of Banking Companies as to Accounts and Audit
      AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 30, 2025

      Correct and accurate compilation of financial information and its disclosure, in a manner that is standardized and understood by stakeholders, is central to the credibility of the corporates including banks. The preparation of financial information and its audit is regulated by the banking regulator in India (RBI) with stringent penalties for non-observance. Accounting Standards serve…

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      Discounted Cash Flow Valuation: Estimating Inputs
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 17, 2025

      Estimating inputs for a ‘Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) valuation’ is one of the most critical skills in corporate finance. Whether for banking, investment analysis, or project evaluation, accurate input estimation forms the foundation of a reliable valuation model. Introduction to DCF Valuation The DCF approach values a business, asset, or investment based on its ability…

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      Discounted Cash Flow Approach: Step-By-Step Guide to Valuation
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 17, 2025

      Introduction Understanding the true value of a business or investment opportunity is essential in finance. Among the various valuation methods, the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) approach stands out for its robust, future-focused perspective. This article explores the core steps involved in conducting a DCF analysis, helping both professionals and beginners grasp how to estimate intrinsic…

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       Direct Comparison Approach in Corporate Valuations
      ABFM, AccountingBy Surendra NaikAugust 16, 2025

       Introduction In the world of corporate valuations, one of the most practical and widely used methods is the Direct Comparison Approach. This method estimates the value of a company by comparing it with similar businesses that have been recently valued, sold, or listed in the market. Because it closely mirrors real market activity, it is…

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      Stock and Debt Approach in Corporate Valuations
      ABFM, AccountingBy Surendra NaikAugust 16, 2025

      In corporate finance and banking, understanding how to value a company is at the heart of smart decision-making. Whether it’s for investment, lending, mergers, or acquisitions, professionals rely on different valuation methods. One such method, widely respected for its practicality, is the Stock and Debt Approach. This method looks at both a company’s equity (stock)…

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      Adjusted Book Value Approach in Corporate Valuations
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 16, 2025

      Valuing a company accurately is fundamental for banking professionals, investors, and financial analysts. Among the various valuation methods, the Adjusted Book Value Approach stands out as a pragmatic and reliable way to determine a company’s worth by refining the traditional book value to better reflect economic realities. What is the Adjusted Book Value Approach? The…

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      Approaches to Corporate Valuation
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 16, 2025

      In the realm of corporate finance and banking, understanding how to accurately value a company is essential for investment decisions, mergers and acquisitions, financing, and strategic planning. Corporate valuation involves estimating the economic value of a business or company, and there are several approaches commonly used by analysts and investors. This article explores the primary…

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      Cash Flow Estimation in Capital Budgeting: A Comprehensive Overview
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 13, 2025

      IntroductionCash flow estimation in capital budgeting involves forecasting the future cash inflows and outflows associated with a proposed investment. Since these cash flows form the primary basis for assessing the financial viability of a project, accuracy in their projection is critical. The process typically includes estimating the initial cash outflows, annual operating cash inflows, and…

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      Methods of Investment Appraisal
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 12, 2025

      Investment appraisal methods are techniques used to evaluate investment proposals and assist companies in determining their desirability based on their income-generating potential. These methods also help rank proposals in order of preference. A sound appraisal method should enable the company to measure the real worth of a proposal and make informed accept-or-reject decisions. Investment appraisal…

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      Understanding NPV, IRR, DCF… in capital budgeting
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 12, 2025

      (This post explains what are NPV, IRR, DCF, Time value of money, Hurdle rate or opportunity cost of capital, accounting rate of return, pay- back period etc.) The price of groceries or any other items purchased by you today will not be same next year. The purchasing ability of a Rupee today is different (normally…

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Disclosure and treatment of Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets in a financial statement

AccountingBy Surendra NaikOctober 17, 2021

Accounting Standard (Ind AS 37) defines and specifies the accounting for and disclosure of provisions, contingent liabilities, and contingent assets. A contingent liability is a liability that may occur depending on the outcome of an uncertain future event. It is a possible obligation that may or may not arise depending on how a future event…

Global pact on minimum tax deal agreed as Nations back 15% rate

Income taxBy Surendra NaikOctober 12, 2021

A global deal has been agreed by 136 countries, to set a minimum tax rate of 15 percent as governments look to end a race to the bottom on corporate taxation. This is one of the sweeping overhauls of international tax rules finalised on Friday (October 8, 2021) at an Inclusive Framework meeting under the…

Transaction Limit in IMPS enhanced to ₹5 lakh

Information TechnologyBy Surendra NaikOctober 8, 2021

In the Statement on Developmental and Regulatory Policies on October 8, 2021, the Reserve Bank of India announced that the transaction limit of Immediate Payment Service (IMPS) to be increased to ₹5 lakh. “In view of the importance of the IMPS system in the processing of domestic payment transactions, it is proposed to increase the…

No repo rate cut for 8th time

Reserve Bank Functions and newsBy Surendra NaikOctober 8, 2021

The monetary policy committee of the Reserve Bank of India today unanimously decided to keep the repo rate unchanged for the eighth consecutive time.  The committee also lowered the FY22 inflation forecast to 5.3 per cent from an earlier estimate of 5.7 per cent.  MPC also decided to continue with its accommodative stance as long…

Why is the conveyance of property in the name of Co-operative Housing Societies important?

Legal and Regulatory aspects of bankingBy Surendra NaikOctober 6, 2021

If you look at the bye-laws of a cooperative housing society, you may find that the main objective of a CHS is to obtain the conveyance from the landowner/developer in its name. Conveyance is a transfer of the title deed of land and building by the builder and developer/landowner in favour of housing society by…

RBI permits banks to amortise Family Pension enhancement over the next 5 years

Bank StaffBy Surendra NaikOctober 5, 2021

RBI on Monday said that the expenditure towards enhancement in family pension of employees of banks if not fully charged to the Profit and Loss Account during the financial year 2021-22, be amortised over a period not exceeding five years. According to the RBI notification dated October 4, IBA has approached the regulator for the…

Additional Tier1 capital: Eligible limit for Foreign Currency/Rupee denominated Bonds overseas

Risk ManagementBy Surendra NaikOctober 4, 2021

RBI on Monday clarified on criteria for the Inclusion of Perpetual Debt Instruments (PDI) in Additional Tier 1 Capital under Basel –III capital regulations. The issue was examined by the regulator as ‘several banks have approached us to clarify the maximum amount of capital funds that can be raised overseas’ the circular said. The Central…

Govt. announces Small Savings Interest rates for the quarter October to December 21

Wealth ManagementBy Surendra NaikOctober 3, 2021

The interest rates of a basket of 12 Small Savings Scheme instruments remain unchanged for the sixth straight quarter. The Finance Ministry on Thursday announced that interest rates on small saving schemes for the 3rd quarter starting from October 1, 2021, and ending on December 1, 2021, shall remain unchanged from the current rates applicable…

What is additional Tier-1 capital AT 1?

Risk ManagementBy Surendra NaikOctober 1, 2021

Additional Tier Capital (also known as AT1 bonds) is a type of unsecured, perpetual bonds issued predominantly by banks to raise additional Tier 1 capital without any maturity date (perpetual), but they have a call option.  These bonds are issued by banks to shore up their core capital base to meet the Basel-III norms. Features…

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