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Various Types of Standard Costing

Accounting, Indian Financial SystemBy Ashish Karkera June 30, 2025

Standard costing methods classify standards based on their accuracy and intended application. These include ideal, basic, normal, current, and expected standards, each serving a specific role in cost control and performance evaluation. (i) Ideal Standards Ideal standards represent the level of performance achievable under the most favorable conditions. These conditions include optimal material and labor…

Understanding Bonds, Coupons and Yield to Maturity

Accounting, Indian Financial System, Wealth ManagementBy Surendra Naik June 6, 2025 1 Comment

(This post explicates the difference between coupon rate and yield to maturity) Bonds: A bond is a debt instrument issued by a company or the Government to raise capital by way of borrowing from the investors. The investors in the bonds are debt holders (lenders/creditors). The issuer of bonds is obliged to pay bondholders the…

Difference Between Marginal Costing and Absorption Costing in Income Measurement

Accounting, Indian Financial SystemBy Surendra Naik March 25, 2025

The primary distinction between marginal costing and absorption costing lies in their treatment of fixed production costs. Marginal costing considers fixed production costs as period costs, expensing them in the period incurred. In contrast, absorption costing treats fixed production costs as product costs, allocating them to the units produced. Additionally, absorption costing emphasizes overhead recovery,…

Absorption Costing: A System for Profit Reporting and Stock Valuation

Accounting, Indian Financial SystemBy Surendra Naik March 24, 2025

Absorption costing, also known as full costing, is an accounting method used for inventory valuation. It incorporates all manufacturing costs, including direct materials, direct labor, and both variable and fixed manufacturing overhead, into the cost of a product. This approach is crucial for inventory valuation and profit reporting. Key Features of Absorption Costing Comprehensive Cost…

Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Analysis: A Comprehensive Overview

Accounting, Indian Financial SystemBy Surendra Naik March 23, 2025

Definition of Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Analysis Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) analysis is a fundamental cost accounting technique used to assess the relationship between cost, volume, and profit. It enables businesses to determine how changes in variable and fixed costs impact overall profitability. Organizations utilize CVP analysis to calculate the number of units required to achieve a break-even point…

Calculation of Break-Even Point, Margin of Safety, and Break-Even Analysis

Accounting, Indian Financial SystemBy Surendra Naik March 22, 2025

The break-even point (BEP) is the level of sales at which total revenue equals total costs, resulting in neither profit nor loss. It represents the sales threshold where a company covers all its expenses but does not generate profit. Any sales beyond the break-even point contribute to profit, while sales below this point result in…

Understanding Standard Costing: Meaning, Advantages, Limitations, and Applications

Accounting, Indian Financial SystemBy Surendra Naik March 22, 2025

Introduction Standard costing is a cost accounting technique that involves estimating expected production costs, including materials, labor, and overhead, and comparing them with actual costs to identify variances and enhance efficiency. According to the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA), U.K., standard cost is defined as: “The planned unit cost of the product, component, or…

Variance Reporting to Management

Accounting, Indian Financial SystemBy Surendra Naik March 22, 2025

A variance report is a formal document that compares planned financial outcomes with actual financial results. Variance reporting to management involves analyzing deviations from budgeted figures, highlighting discrepancies, and providing insights to facilitate informed decision-making and enhance organizational performance. Types of Variances Variance reports are typically structured documents or presentations that compare actual financial performance…

Benchmarking for Establishing Standards

Accounting, Indian Financial SystemBy Surendra Naik March 21, 2025

Definition of BenchmarkingBenchmarking is the systematic process of measuring an organization’s products, services, and processes against those of industry leaders or best-performing entities. This practice enables organizations to establish performance standards by assessing their operations relative to industry benchmarks or internal objectives. Benchmarking facilitates the identification of improvement areas and fosters a culture of continuous…

Variance Analysis for Materials, Labor, and Overheads and Accounting Treatment of Variances

Accounting, Indian Financial SystemBy Surendra Naik March 21, 2025

Variance analysis is a financial assessment tool used to evaluate the differences between planned and actual figures. It compares actual costs against projected costs for materials, labor, and overheads, identifying areas of overperformance or underperformance. This analysis facilitates better cost control and financial management. The accounting treatment of variances involves adjusting the cost of goods…

Installation of a Standard Costing System for Material, Labour, and Overhead

Accounting, Indian Financial SystemBy Surendra Naik March 21, 2025

Businesses must establish predetermined costs to implement a standard costing system for materials, labor, and overhead. This system facilitates the tracking of actual costs, comparison with standard costs, variance analysis, and corrective action, ensuring continuous improvement. 1. Establishing Standard Costs To determine an achievable standard cost for each product, companies must consider the standard costs…

Identification of Cost Units, Cost Determination, and Cost Control

Accounting, Indian Financial SystemBy Surendra Naik March 19, 2025

Identification of Cost Units The identification of cost units is essential for businesses to assess costs accurately. A cost unit represents a specific product, service, time, activity, or a combination thereof, for which costs are measured. Selecting an appropriate cost unit ensures precise cost allocation and analysis. Types of Cost Units: Industry-Specific Examples: The identification…

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Various Types of Standard Costing

Understanding Bonds, Coupons and Yield to Maturity

Difference Between Marginal Costing and Absorption Costing in Income Measurement

Absorption Costing: A System for Profit Reporting and Stock Valuation

Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Analysis: A Comprehensive Overview

Calculation of Break-Even Point, Margin of Safety, and Break-Even Analysis

Understanding Standard Costing: Meaning, Advantages, Limitations, and Applications

Variance Reporting to Management

Benchmarking for Establishing Standards

Variance Analysis for Materials, Labor, and Overheads and Accounting Treatment of Variances

Installation of a Standard Costing System for Material, Labour, and Overhead

Identification of Cost Units, Cost Determination, and Cost Control

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