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      Special Audits v/s Regular Audit: Purpose, Process, and Examples
      Accounting, BRBLBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 31, 2025

      In the world of banking and business, audits play a crucial role in maintaining financial transparency and regulatory compliance. While routine audits examine overall financial health, a **special audit** is different. It is conducted only under specific circumstances—such as suspected fraud, compliance violations, or financial irregularities. Unlike regular audits, which cover the entire financial landscape,…

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      Understanding Information Systems Audit (IS Audit)
      AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 30, 2025

      An Information Systems Audit (IS Audit) is a specialized review conducted to ensure the security, integrity, and effectiveness of an organization’s information technology infrastructure, especially vital in banking. IS Audit focuses on evaluating IT controls, risk management, and compliance within the computerized environment of banks. Purpose and Scope An IS Audit in banking aims to:…

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      Explained: Requirements of Banking Companies as to Accounts and Audit
      AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 30, 2025

      Correct and accurate compilation of financial information and its disclosure, in a manner that is standardized and understood by stakeholders, is central to the credibility of the corporates including banks. The preparation of financial information and its audit is regulated by the banking regulator in India (RBI) with stringent penalties for non-observance. Accounting Standards serve…

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      Discounted Cash Flow Valuation: Estimating Inputs
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 17, 2025

      Estimating inputs for a ‘Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) valuation’ is one of the most critical skills in corporate finance. Whether for banking, investment analysis, or project evaluation, accurate input estimation forms the foundation of a reliable valuation model. Introduction to DCF Valuation The DCF approach values a business, asset, or investment based on its ability…

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      Discounted Cash Flow Approach: Step-By-Step Guide to Valuation
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 17, 2025

      Introduction Understanding the true value of a business or investment opportunity is essential in finance. Among the various valuation methods, the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) approach stands out for its robust, future-focused perspective. This article explores the core steps involved in conducting a DCF analysis, helping both professionals and beginners grasp how to estimate intrinsic…

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       Direct Comparison Approach in Corporate Valuations
      ABFM, AccountingBy Surendra NaikAugust 16, 2025

       Introduction In the world of corporate valuations, one of the most practical and widely used methods is the Direct Comparison Approach. This method estimates the value of a company by comparing it with similar businesses that have been recently valued, sold, or listed in the market. Because it closely mirrors real market activity, it is…

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      Stock and Debt Approach in Corporate Valuations
      ABFM, AccountingBy Surendra NaikAugust 16, 2025

      In corporate finance and banking, understanding how to value a company is at the heart of smart decision-making. Whether it’s for investment, lending, mergers, or acquisitions, professionals rely on different valuation methods. One such method, widely respected for its practicality, is the Stock and Debt Approach. This method looks at both a company’s equity (stock)…

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      Adjusted Book Value Approach in Corporate Valuations
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 16, 2025

      Valuing a company accurately is fundamental for banking professionals, investors, and financial analysts. Among the various valuation methods, the Adjusted Book Value Approach stands out as a pragmatic and reliable way to determine a company’s worth by refining the traditional book value to better reflect economic realities. What is the Adjusted Book Value Approach? The…

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      Approaches to Corporate Valuation
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 16, 2025

      In the realm of corporate finance and banking, understanding how to accurately value a company is essential for investment decisions, mergers and acquisitions, financing, and strategic planning. Corporate valuation involves estimating the economic value of a business or company, and there are several approaches commonly used by analysts and investors. This article explores the primary…

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      Cash Flow Estimation in Capital Budgeting: A Comprehensive Overview
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 13, 2025

      IntroductionCash flow estimation in capital budgeting involves forecasting the future cash inflows and outflows associated with a proposed investment. Since these cash flows form the primary basis for assessing the financial viability of a project, accuracy in their projection is critical. The process typically includes estimating the initial cash outflows, annual operating cash inflows, and…

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      Methods of Investment Appraisal
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 12, 2025

      Investment appraisal methods are techniques used to evaluate investment proposals and assist companies in determining their desirability based on their income-generating potential. These methods also help rank proposals in order of preference. A sound appraisal method should enable the company to measure the real worth of a proposal and make informed accept-or-reject decisions. Investment appraisal…

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      Understanding NPV, IRR, DCF… in capital budgeting
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 12, 2025

      (This post explains what are NPV, IRR, DCF, Time value of money, Hurdle rate or opportunity cost of capital, accounting rate of return, pay- back period etc.) The price of groceries or any other items purchased by you today will not be same next year. The purchasing ability of a Rupee today is different (normally…

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Bank wage revision meeting held on 22.07.2020

Bank StaffBy Surendra NaikJuly 22, 2020

This is the official version of the broad understanding reached between IBA and constituents of UFBU in the 11th BPS meeting held on July 22, 2020. Source:Message from UFBU Convenor

How to open and operate Capital Gain account/CGAS in banks?

Income taxBy Surendra NaikJuly 15, 2020

In our previous article ‘What is capital gain and how capital gain tax has arrived?”, we have discussed the definition of capital gain, Tax applicable on Short-Term and Long-Term Capital Gains, Exemption of tax available on capital gains, the time limit for reinvestment, how indexation cost of the capital asset has arrived, etc.  Through this…

How indexation cost of a capital asset has arrived?

Indian Financial SystemBy Surendra NaikJuly 14, 2020

Capital gains are calculated considering the net cost of acquisition (after deducting brokerage, stamp duty, advertisement, Travelling expenses in connection with the transfer, Broker’s commission related to the shares sold,   etc) and cost of improvement Expenses of a capital nature incurred in making any additions or alterations to the capital asset by the seller. Indexed…

These things you need to know that you are eligible for tax benefits outside section 80C

Income taxBy Surendra NaikJuly 10, 2020

Updated: As per amended finance act 2020 Although investments made under Section 80C does offer a major tax-saving deduction, there are other sections that you can explore to reduce tax liability. Here are some important tips about how you can save tax if you opt for an existing (old) tax regime. Click here for Income…

What is Service Area Approach?

Loans and advances, Priority Sector AdvancesBy Surendra NaikJuly 9, 20202 Comments

Service area approach (SAA) is a developed version of the ‘area approach’ structure of the Lead Bank Scheme. Under SAA plan each commercial bank / RRB branch in a rural and semi-urban area is designated to serve 15 to 25 villages for the planned and orderly development of the areas. The designated branch of a…

What is Lead Bank Scheme?

Loans and advances, Priority Sector AdvancesBy Surendra NaikJuly 7, 2020

Background: In October 1969, the study group lead by Prof. D. R. Gadgil (Gadgil Study Group) recommended the adoption of an ‘Area Approach‘ to evolve plans and programmes for the development of an adequate banking and credit structure in the rural areas. Further, under the chairmanship of Shri F. K. F. Nariman (Nariman Committee) a…

FAQs on Detection and Impounding of Counterfeit Notes

Bank NewsBy Surendra NaikJuly 6, 2020

Q: Who is the authority to impound Counterfeit Notes? A: The Counterfeit Notes can be impounded by (i) All Banks (ii)All Treasuries and Sub-Treasuries (iii) Issue  Offices of Reserve Bank of India. Q: How the Counterfeit Notes are detected? A: Currency notes tendered over the counter is examined by the cashier for authenticity through machines.…

What is SHG bank linkage programme?

Priority Sector AdvancesBy Surendra NaikJuly 5, 20202 Comments

[This post offers updated  guidelines/instructions on SHG-Bank linkage programme at one place based on various circulars issued by Reserve Bank of India on the subject up to June 30, 2020] The Self Help Group-Bank Linkage Programme (SBLP) was started in 1992 at the initiative of NABARD. The basic idea of the SBLP is to link…

FAQs on Exchange of Notes and Coins in banks

Reserve Bank Functions and newsBy Surendra NaikJuly 4, 2020

Q: Which are the banks authorised to exchange notes coins? R: All the bank branches in entire India are mandated to provide facility for exchange of notes and coins to the members of public. Banks are also directed by the banking regulator (RBI) to issue fresh/good quality notes and coins of all denominations whenever customers…

Credit Guarantee Scheme for subordinate debt/CGSSD explained

Loans and advancesBy Surendra NaikJuly 3, 2020

The credit facilities extended to MSMEs under ‘Distressed Assets Fund – Subordinate Debt for Stressed MSMEs scheme’ as a special dispensation, are backed by a guarantee from the Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE). RBI vide its circular dated July 1, 2020 permitted all the scheduled commercial banks  to reckon the…

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