Forensic audit is a process of conducting the audit of an organization or of an individual’s financial information, to produce the same as evidence in the court. The forensic auditor’s report may help to nail and prosecute the parties involved in fraud, embezzlement or for other types of financial misappropriations. In banks, forensic audit signifies…
Legal audit is normally used by insurance and other users of legal services, by appointing an auditor to check the documentation of expenses for which the lawyer and the law firm has billed. The auditors not only reviews the fees charged by the law firm according to billing standards and guidelines, they also examine whether…
The law of limitation means the time-limit for different suits within which an aggrieved person can approach the court to obtain a decree against the principal debtor and surety. The different time limit or period of limitation is prescribed for different types of suits, appeals or applications in the ‘Schedule’ to the Limitation Act, 1963.…
Definition of Guarantee: A contract of guarantee means a contract to perform the promise or discharge liability of the third person in case of his default. A guarantee which extends to series of transactions is called continuing guarantee. The meaning of Surety (Guarantor), principal debtor, and creditor: The person who gives the guarantee is called…
(The law of limitation applicable to a general guarantee and the guarantee issued by banks and financial institutions are different. This article explains the law of limitation explicitly applicable to bank guarantees, invocation and cancellation of bank guarantees) The law of limitation of time means the time-limit for different suits within which an aggrieved person…
Reserve Bank of India, directed today (September 1, 2016) that with effect from January 1, 2017, all Credit Information Companies (CICs) shall provide access, upon request and after due authentication of the requester, to a free full credit report (FFCR) once in a calendar year (January to December) to individuals whose credit history is available…
Co-acceptance of bills means “an undertaking from the third party (Bank) to make payment to the drawer of the bill (seller/exporter) on due date even if the buyer/importer fails to make the payment on that date”. Thus, in the Co-acceptance of the bills, the bank which stands as co-accepter acts as a guarantor similar to LC…
The word ‘bills’ is the acronym to ‘bills of exchange’. There are different kinds of bills of exchange viz. Clean Bills, Documentary bill, Demand bills, Usance Bills, Accommodation Bills etc. Clean Bill: When the document of title to goods (like LR/RR/BL/Airway bill etc.) is not accompanied by a bill of exchange, it is called as a clean…
A buyer of goods requires original shipping documents to take delivery of goods shipped to him by the seller. The seller (exporter) after shipment of goods prepares necessary set of documents related to goods like Bill of lading/Airway bills, LR, RR, dock warrant, dock receipt, warehouse receipt, etc. along with the invoice of the goods…
The Sikhs, Muslims, Christians, Zoroastrians, Buddhists, Jains communities in India are classified as minority communities as per notification of Ministry of Welfare, Government of India. In 121 districts in the country, the minority population exceeds 25% of total population of the districts. Further, in the states of J & K, Punjab, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and…