The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) defines a personal loan as a type of unsecured credit that individuals can obtain from financial institutions. Personal loans can be used for various purposes, including debt consolidation and moving expenses. These loans are repaid in installments, or regular payments, over a specified period. Key Characteristics of Personal Loans…
A share is a unit of ownership in a company and has an exchangeable value influenced by market forces. As per Section 43 of the Companies Act, 2013, a company’s share capital is categorized into two types: equity shares and preference shares. Preference Share Capital Preference share capital is the money a company raises by…
The cost of debt is the interest rate a company pays on its debt, and it is influenced by taxation and the company’s capital structure. Cost of Debt The cost of debt includes interest payments and other borrowing costs such as fees and penalties. It is a crucial factor in a company’s financial health and…
This article explains the assumptions and key aspects of approaches to capital structuring, including the Net Income Approach, Net Operating Income Approach, Traditional Position, Modigliani-Miller (MM) Theory, Pecking Order Theory, Irrelevance Theory, Relevance Theory, Trade-off Theory, and Agency Costs Theory. Overview of Capital Structure Theories Capital structure theories explore the relationship between a company’s capital…
A company’s capital structure is influenced by various factors, including its size, profitability, growth prospects, and the availability of funds. Additional factors include the company’s credit history, tax position, and the cost of debt. Factors that affect a company’s capital structure can be broadly categorized into two groups: Internal Factors: External Factors: In conclusion, capital…
Leverage and gearing are financial terms that refer to the use of debt by a company to increase investment exposure and potential returns. These terms are often used interchangeably; however, regional preferences exist. In British English and European finance, the term “gearing” is more common, while American finance typically uses “leverage.” Leverage refers to the…
Capital structure is the combination of debt and equity used by a company to finance its operations and growth. It is a core component of a company’s financial strategy, determining the optimal mix of debt and equity to fund business activities. Striking the right balance between these components impacts costs, risks, and growth potential. A…
The foreign exchange market, or Forex Market (FX market), is a global decentralized over-the-counter (OTC) marketplace for trading currencies. Participants in the FX market engage in buying and selling foreign currencies, determining exchange rates for global currencies. It is the largest financial market in the world, comprising a global network of financial centers that operate…
A currency forward contract is a customized, written contract between two parties that sets a fixed foreign currency exchange rate for a transaction, set for a specified future date. Currency forward contracts are used to hedge foreign currency exchange risk. They are most commonly made between importers and exporters headquartered in different countries. A forward…
IntroductionBasic exchange rate arithmetic involves converting one currency to another using the exchange rate. The fundamental formula for currency conversion is: a × b = cWhere: These transactions occur on the foreign exchange market (Forex market), where foreign currencies and coins are exchanged for the home currency. Exporters and importers needing foreign currency for business…