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      Special Audits v/s Regular Audit: Purpose, Process, and Examples
      Accounting, BRBLBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 31, 2025

      In the world of banking and business, audits play a crucial role in maintaining financial transparency and regulatory compliance. While routine audits examine overall financial health, a **special audit** is different. It is conducted only under specific circumstances—such as suspected fraud, compliance violations, or financial irregularities. Unlike regular audits, which cover the entire financial landscape,…

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      Understanding Information Systems Audit (IS Audit)
      AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 30, 2025

      An Information Systems Audit (IS Audit) is a specialized review conducted to ensure the security, integrity, and effectiveness of an organization’s information technology infrastructure, especially vital in banking. IS Audit focuses on evaluating IT controls, risk management, and compliance within the computerized environment of banks. Purpose and Scope An IS Audit in banking aims to:…

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      Explained: Requirements of Banking Companies as to Accounts and Audit
      AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 30, 2025

      Correct and accurate compilation of financial information and its disclosure, in a manner that is standardized and understood by stakeholders, is central to the credibility of the corporates including banks. The preparation of financial information and its audit is regulated by the banking regulator in India (RBI) with stringent penalties for non-observance. Accounting Standards serve…

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      Discounted Cash Flow Valuation: Estimating Inputs
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 17, 2025

      Estimating inputs for a ‘Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) valuation’ is one of the most critical skills in corporate finance. Whether for banking, investment analysis, or project evaluation, accurate input estimation forms the foundation of a reliable valuation model. Introduction to DCF Valuation The DCF approach values a business, asset, or investment based on its ability…

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      Discounted Cash Flow Approach: Step-By-Step Guide to Valuation
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 17, 2025

      Introduction Understanding the true value of a business or investment opportunity is essential in finance. Among the various valuation methods, the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) approach stands out for its robust, future-focused perspective. This article explores the core steps involved in conducting a DCF analysis, helping both professionals and beginners grasp how to estimate intrinsic…

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       Direct Comparison Approach in Corporate Valuations
      ABFM, AccountingBy Surendra NaikAugust 16, 2025

       Introduction In the world of corporate valuations, one of the most practical and widely used methods is the Direct Comparison Approach. This method estimates the value of a company by comparing it with similar businesses that have been recently valued, sold, or listed in the market. Because it closely mirrors real market activity, it is…

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      Stock and Debt Approach in Corporate Valuations
      ABFM, AccountingBy Surendra NaikAugust 16, 2025

      In corporate finance and banking, understanding how to value a company is at the heart of smart decision-making. Whether it’s for investment, lending, mergers, or acquisitions, professionals rely on different valuation methods. One such method, widely respected for its practicality, is the Stock and Debt Approach. This method looks at both a company’s equity (stock)…

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      Adjusted Book Value Approach in Corporate Valuations
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 16, 2025

      Valuing a company accurately is fundamental for banking professionals, investors, and financial analysts. Among the various valuation methods, the Adjusted Book Value Approach stands out as a pragmatic and reliable way to determine a company’s worth by refining the traditional book value to better reflect economic realities. What is the Adjusted Book Value Approach? The…

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      Approaches to Corporate Valuation
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 16, 2025

      In the realm of corporate finance and banking, understanding how to accurately value a company is essential for investment decisions, mergers and acquisitions, financing, and strategic planning. Corporate valuation involves estimating the economic value of a business or company, and there are several approaches commonly used by analysts and investors. This article explores the primary…

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      Cash Flow Estimation in Capital Budgeting: A Comprehensive Overview
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 13, 2025

      IntroductionCash flow estimation in capital budgeting involves forecasting the future cash inflows and outflows associated with a proposed investment. Since these cash flows form the primary basis for assessing the financial viability of a project, accuracy in their projection is critical. The process typically includes estimating the initial cash outflows, annual operating cash inflows, and…

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      Methods of Investment Appraisal
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 12, 2025

      Investment appraisal methods are techniques used to evaluate investment proposals and assist companies in determining their desirability based on their income-generating potential. These methods also help rank proposals in order of preference. A sound appraisal method should enable the company to measure the real worth of a proposal and make informed accept-or-reject decisions. Investment appraisal…

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      Understanding NPV, IRR, DCF… in capital budgeting
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 12, 2025

      (This post explains what are NPV, IRR, DCF, Time value of money, Hurdle rate or opportunity cost of capital, accounting rate of return, pay- back period etc.) The price of groceries or any other items purchased by you today will not be same next year. The purchasing ability of a Rupee today is different (normally…

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Microfinance Loans: RBI issues Master Direction 2022 for Regulatory Framework

Loans and advancesBy Surendra NaikMarch 15, 2022

A microfinance loan is defined as a collateral-free loan given to a household having annual household income up to Rs300000 (Rupees Three Lakhs). For this purpose, the household shall mean an individual family unit, i.e., husband, wife, and their unmarried children. The collateral-free loan under microfinance shall be irrespective of end-use and mode of application/…

Cabinet Approves Setting Up Of National Land Monetization Corporation as wholly owned Govt. Company

Indian Financial SystemBy Surendra NaikMarch 11, 2022

The Union Cabinet on Wednesday approved the setting up of the National Land Monetisation Corporation (NLMC) as a wholly-owned Government of India company. The new entity has an initial authorised share capital of Rs 5,000 crore and a paid-up share capital of Rs 150 crore. In view of Central Public Sector  Enterprises ( CPSEs) and…

How do you lodge complaint to RBI-Integrated Ombudsman ?

Reserve Bank Functions and newsBy Surendra NaikMarch 9, 2022

RBI today clarified that the Central Bank does not have arrangements with third parties to redress grievances against RBI-regulated entities. The above clarification was given in view of instances of misinformation being spread through certain sections of the social media about the Reserve Bank – Integrated Ombudsman Scheme 2021 (RB-IOS) has come to the notice…

Purchaser’s presence not required to be present before sub-registrar:  Supreme Court

Legal and Regulatory aspects of bankingBy Surendra NaikMarch 7, 2022

Supreme Court of India: Civil AppeaI NO. 3975 OF 2010: H.P.Puttaswamy  Vs  Thimmamma & Ors This suit was originally instituted on 31st March 1989 and was registered as Suit No.132 of 1989 in the Court of Civil Judge (Junior Division) Malavalli, Karnataka. The property in question comprises approximately 4500 square ft. of land in a…

10th series of the Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs) scheme 2021-22 is open for subscription from  today

Wealth ManagementBy Surendra NaikFebruary 28, 2022

The nominal value of the bond based on the simple average closing price [published by the India Bullion and Jewellers Association Ltd (IBJA)] for gold of 999 purity of the last three business days of the week preceding the subscription period, is Rs.5109 (Rupees Five Thousand One Hundred and Nine only). The investors who apply…

SARFAESI overrides all other laws: Supreme Court

Legal and Regulatory aspects of bankingBy Surendra NaikFebruary 25, 2022

Provisions of the SARFAESI act have an overriding effect on the provisions of the Central Excise Act of 1944. The dues of secured creditors will have top priority over the Central excise department. Judgment details : PUNJAB NATIONAL BANK …..APPELLANT VERSUS UNION OF INDIA & ORS. …RESPONDENTS CIVIL APPEAL NO.2196 OF 2012 Coram:   Justice L.…

Do you know this? It is mandatory for these people to file ITR even if their gross total income does not exceed the basic exemption limit

Income taxBy Surendra NaikFebruary 23, 2022

In terms of section 234F, certain individuals can file their ITR without paying a penalty if the gross total income does not exceed the basic exemption limit of Rs.2.50 lakhs even after the expiry of the deadline. The basic exemption limit of Rs.3 lakh for Senior Citizens of above 60 years and Rs.5 lakh for…

The role of KYC Registration Agency (KRA) in the securities market

Wealth ManagementBy Surendra NaikFebruary 22, 2022

Earlier to initiation of KRA by SEBI, investors were required to complete the KYC process as and when they interact with each type of SEBI Intermediaries by submitting the relevant documents, requirements of which may vary from intermediary to intermediary. In view of bringing uniformity in KYC requirements for the securities markets, SEBI has initiated…

Right of subrogation: Right of Guarantor against principal borrower on whose behalf loan is repaid 

Loans and advancesBy Surendra NaikFebruary 19, 2022

The right of subrogation is an equitable and natural right of the guarantor against the principal borrower on whose behalf he has paid the money. Section 128 of the Indian Contract Act 1872 provides that the liability of the guarantor is co-extensive with the principal debtor. It means the guarantor of a loan is liable…

RBI clarifies on new definition of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

Loans and advancesBy Surendra NaikFebruary 18, 2022

The government of India (GoI), vide Gazette Notification S.O. 2119 (E) dated June 26, 2020, has notified new criteria for classifying the enterprises as Micro, Small, and Medium enterprises. The new criteria came into effect on July 1, 2020. According to the new notification, these enterprises are reclassified under composite criteria (investment and turnover). and…

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