The financial requirements of a business vary depending on the nature, size, and operations of the enterprise. These requirements can be broadly categorized based on the duration for which funds are needed: long-term or short-term. 1. Financial Requirements of a Business a) Long-Term Financial Requirements (Fixed Capital) Long-term finance is required for acquiring assets such…
The share capitals of a company are of two types namely Equity Shares and Preference Shares. Equity shares are non-refundable to shareholders during the lifetime of the company. Unlike preference shares, there will be no fixed rate of dividend to be paid to the equity shareholders and this rate may vary from year to year.…
Equity shares are also known as Ordinary Shares. The money invested in the equity shares of a company is a part of the capital of the company. When an investor buys a company’s share or equity, he gains partial ownership rights of that company. The amount so invested on the equity shares of a company…
Debentures are issued by corporates including NBFCs to raise resources for their upcoming expenses or their business expansions. In other words, debentures are unsecured loans taken by companies from the public (other than accepting deposits) by issuing instruments of debt, acknowledging money lent, and guaranteeing repayment with interest. The investors subscribe to debentures only based…
Control techniques are structured methods that enable managers to monitor, evaluate, and regulate organizational activities to ensure alignment with established goals and standards. By identifying deviations, analyzing causes, and implementing corrective measures, these techniques help maintain efficiency, accountability, and strategic direction. In the modern business environment, Information Technology (IT) has become an integral part of…
Control techniques are structured methods that enable managers to monitor and regulate organizational activities to ensure alignment with established objectives and standards. These techniques help identify deviations from planned outcomes, analyze underlying causes, and implement corrective measures. They are broadly classified into traditional and modern approaches, each offering unique tools for maintaining operational efficiency and…
The equity market represents the trading of equities known as stock market or share market. Debt market is basically a market where fixed income instruments/securities traded. The debt instruments are issued by the central and state governments, Municipal corporations, Banks, financial institutions and corporate. The nature of equity and debt instruments are vastly different with…
Planning and controlling are interdependent and inseparable functions of management, working in tandem to ensure the achievement of organizational goals. While planning establishes objectives and outlines the course of action, controlling ensures that these plans are executed effectively and that deviations are promptly addressed. 1. Interdependence * Planning provides the foundation: Controlling relies on the…
The control process in management is a systematic method used to ensure that organizational activities remain aligned with planned objectives. It involves establishing performance standards, measuring actual results, comparing them with benchmarks, and taking corrective actions where necessary. As a cyclical and continuous process, it enables organizations to stay on track, address deviations promptly, and…
1. Introduction Controlling is one of the core functions of management, alongside planning, organizing, and leading. It ensures that actual performance aligns with planned objectives by systematically monitoring activities, comparing results against standards, and taking corrective actions when necessary. As a continuous and goal-oriented process, controlling helps organizations remain efficient, adaptable, and strategically focused. 2.…
