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      Special Audits v/s Regular Audit: Purpose, Process, and Examples
      Accounting, BRBLBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 31, 2025

      In the world of banking and business, audits play a crucial role in maintaining financial transparency and regulatory compliance. While routine audits examine overall financial health, a **special audit** is different. It is conducted only under specific circumstances—such as suspected fraud, compliance violations, or financial irregularities. Unlike regular audits, which cover the entire financial landscape,…

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      Understanding Information Systems Audit (IS Audit)
      AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 30, 2025

      An Information Systems Audit (IS Audit) is a specialized review conducted to ensure the security, integrity, and effectiveness of an organization’s information technology infrastructure, especially vital in banking. IS Audit focuses on evaluating IT controls, risk management, and compliance within the computerized environment of banks. Purpose and Scope An IS Audit in banking aims to:…

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      Explained: Requirements of Banking Companies as to Accounts and Audit
      AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 30, 2025

      Correct and accurate compilation of financial information and its disclosure, in a manner that is standardized and understood by stakeholders, is central to the credibility of the corporates including banks. The preparation of financial information and its audit is regulated by the banking regulator in India (RBI) with stringent penalties for non-observance. Accounting Standards serve…

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      Discounted Cash Flow Valuation: Estimating Inputs
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 17, 2025

      Estimating inputs for a ‘Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) valuation’ is one of the most critical skills in corporate finance. Whether for banking, investment analysis, or project evaluation, accurate input estimation forms the foundation of a reliable valuation model. Introduction to DCF Valuation The DCF approach values a business, asset, or investment based on its ability…

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      Discounted Cash Flow Approach: Step-By-Step Guide to Valuation
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 17, 2025

      Introduction Understanding the true value of a business or investment opportunity is essential in finance. Among the various valuation methods, the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) approach stands out for its robust, future-focused perspective. This article explores the core steps involved in conducting a DCF analysis, helping both professionals and beginners grasp how to estimate intrinsic…

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       Direct Comparison Approach in Corporate Valuations
      ABFM, AccountingBy Surendra NaikAugust 16, 2025

       Introduction In the world of corporate valuations, one of the most practical and widely used methods is the Direct Comparison Approach. This method estimates the value of a company by comparing it with similar businesses that have been recently valued, sold, or listed in the market. Because it closely mirrors real market activity, it is…

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      Stock and Debt Approach in Corporate Valuations
      ABFM, AccountingBy Surendra NaikAugust 16, 2025

      In corporate finance and banking, understanding how to value a company is at the heart of smart decision-making. Whether it’s for investment, lending, mergers, or acquisitions, professionals rely on different valuation methods. One such method, widely respected for its practicality, is the Stock and Debt Approach. This method looks at both a company’s equity (stock)…

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      Adjusted Book Value Approach in Corporate Valuations
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 16, 2025

      Valuing a company accurately is fundamental for banking professionals, investors, and financial analysts. Among the various valuation methods, the Adjusted Book Value Approach stands out as a pragmatic and reliable way to determine a company’s worth by refining the traditional book value to better reflect economic realities. What is the Adjusted Book Value Approach? The…

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      Approaches to Corporate Valuation
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 16, 2025

      In the realm of corporate finance and banking, understanding how to accurately value a company is essential for investment decisions, mergers and acquisitions, financing, and strategic planning. Corporate valuation involves estimating the economic value of a business or company, and there are several approaches commonly used by analysts and investors. This article explores the primary…

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      Cash Flow Estimation in Capital Budgeting: A Comprehensive Overview
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 13, 2025

      IntroductionCash flow estimation in capital budgeting involves forecasting the future cash inflows and outflows associated with a proposed investment. Since these cash flows form the primary basis for assessing the financial viability of a project, accuracy in their projection is critical. The process typically includes estimating the initial cash outflows, annual operating cash inflows, and…

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      Methods of Investment Appraisal
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 12, 2025

      Investment appraisal methods are techniques used to evaluate investment proposals and assist companies in determining their desirability based on their income-generating potential. These methods also help rank proposals in order of preference. A sound appraisal method should enable the company to measure the real worth of a proposal and make informed accept-or-reject decisions. Investment appraisal…

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      Understanding NPV, IRR, DCF… in capital budgeting
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 12, 2025

      (This post explains what are NPV, IRR, DCF, Time value of money, Hurdle rate or opportunity cost of capital, accounting rate of return, pay- back period etc.) The price of groceries or any other items purchased by you today will not be same next year. The purchasing ability of a Rupee today is different (normally…

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Who is your close relative as per companies act?

Legal and Regulatory aspects of bankingBy Surendra NaikJuly 1, 2021

Generally speaking, “relative”, with reference to any person, means any one who is related to another. Your family members are also called your relatives.Your immediate family includes your father, mother and siblings. Your extended family includes all of the people in your father and mother’s families. Your sibling is your brother or sister. In the…

Do you know who is known as the permanent resident of a country?

Legal and Regulatory aspects of bankingBy Surendra NaikJune 29, 2021

A lawful permanent resident is some one who has been granted the right to live in a country or territory of which such person is not a citizen but where they have the right to reside on permanent basis. Permanent residency allows an individual to retain his or her citizenship while legally staying in another…

RBI clarifies the doubts on new Definition of MSMEs

Loans and advancesBy Surendra NaikJune 25, 2021

Updated on 25.06.2021 (As per the new definition, Written Down Value (WDV) is at the end of the Financial Year as defined in the Income Tax Act and not cost of acquisition or original price, which was applicable in the context of the earlier classification criteria. All enterprises are required to register online and obtain…

Do you know how Gold metal loans are sanctioned to jewellers?

Loans and advancesBy Surendra NaikJune 24, 2021

Updated on 24.06.2021 Banks that are nominated to import gold as per extant instructions of RBI,  may extend Gold (Metal) Loans to domestic jewellery manufacturers, (who are not exporters of jewellery) for non-export purposes and also to the jewellery manufacturers and exporters. Gold (Metal) Loans can be sanctioned only to gold jewellers, who are themselves…

Tax savings u/s 80G: Some time your tax benefit can be more than money donated

Income taxBy Surendra NaikJune 23, 20211 Comment

If you have already exhausted the Rs1.50 lakh limit investment under section 80C, also bought a health insurance policy, made an additional contribution to NPS(u/s 80CCD), you still have ways and means to reduce your tax liability. You can save tax using the deductions available under section 80G of the Income Tax Act. Section 80G…

CBDT introduces two new sections206A &206CCA to identify non-filers of income tax.

Income taxBy Surendra NaikJune 22, 2021

In line with the announcements made in the Union Budget 2021, CBDT brought new functionality for compliance checks which mandated that non-filers of income tax returns for past two fiscal years would be subjected to higher tax deducted at source (TDS) and tax collected at source (TCS) rate if such tax deduction was Rs 50,000…

List of incomes that are exempted from income tax under the new tax regime

Income taxBy Surendra NaikJune 20, 2021

In the budget 2020, FM Nirmala Sitharaman has introduced a new tax regime along with the old regime. The new regime comes with reduced tax rates of various income slabs as well as the removal of rebates and exemptions. Salaried individuals, who have no business income, will have to choose between the existing and new…

Do you know entire donations to political parties can be claimed as a tax deduction?

Income taxBy Surendra NaikJune 19, 2021

Chapter VI A of the Income Tax Act contains various sub-sections of section 80 that allow an assessee to claim deductions from the gross total income on account of various tax-saving investments, permitted expenditures, donations, etc. Such deductions allow an assessee to considerably reduce the tax payable. Donation made to political parties or electoral trust…

Beware! your PAN card may become inoperative if not linked to Aadhar by June 30

Income taxBy Surendra NaikJune 18, 2021

The recent amendments to the Income Tax Rules have made it mandatory to link Aadhaar with PAN, on or before June 30, 2021. If the PAN is not linked with Aadhaar, the PAN shall be deemed to have become inoperative / invalid in accordance with Rule 114AAA(3) of the Income-tax Rules, 1962 (‘Rules’), from July…

How to download an instant e-PAN card from Incometax Portal?

Income taxBy Surendra NaikJune 18, 2021

Your Permanent Account Number or PAN is an important document required to you to file your income tax return (ITR). In case you have lost or misplaced your PAN card, there is a provision of issuing instant e-PAN card by the Income Tax Department at their new income tax portal. There is also a facility…

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