Letter of credit (LC) also known as Documentary credit is an undertaking from a bank on behalf of its customer (importer/buyer) wherein the beneficiary (exporter) is fully assured of payment provided he fulfills his part of the sale contract embodied in Letter of Credit. To understand LC mechanism, let us take an example of a…
In simple words, the process of converting foreign currency liability of the exporter into Indian Rupee liability is called ‘crystallization of foreign currency export bills’. The purpose of crystallization is to transfer the exchange risk involved in a belated receipt of export bill payment to the exporter. The export bills negotiated/purchased/discounted by a bank are…
(This post explains the meaning of Standby LC, Green Clause LC, Red clause LC, Without Recourse LC, back to back LC, Revolving credit LC, Irrevocable Letter of Credit confirmed by advising bank, Irrevocable Credit not confirmed by advising bank, Irrevocable Credit, Revocable Credit etc.) Revocable credit: Credit may be either revocable or irrevocable. Revocable credits may…
A Standby LC is a form of irrevocable guarantee for a payment. Since American Banks are prevented from giving the guarantee in that country, the concept of ‘Standby LC’ came into existence. Standby Letter of Credit is an agreement wherein the buyer’s bank promises full payment of goods/services sold by him if the buyer fails to…
ISO 20022 (pronounced ‘ISO twenty-oh-twenty-two’) or Universal financial industry message scheme (also called” UNIFI”) is a global standard for exchanging electronic messages between financial institutions. The ISO 20022 standard covers financial information transferred between financial institutions that include payment transactions, securities trading, and settlement information, credit as well as debit card transactions, Foreign Exchange transactions,…
Payments in the online space are facilitated by a number of intermediaries like the payment gateways and payment aggregators. These intermediaries act as the conduit between merchant & customer who is willing to pay for the services availed or the goods purchased. In online payments all the debit and credit transactions are routed through credit…
Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) seeking housing finance in India have access to a variety of loan options offered by commercial banks. These home loans generally carry interest rates starting from approximately 7.35% per annum, which may vary depending on the lending institution, loan type, and individual borrower profile. Interest rates may be either fixed or floating,…
Edited and reposted on 11.05.2025 National Automated Clearing House (NACH) is a form of Electronic Clearing Service (ECS) that is available with core-banking-enabled bank branches in India. NACH has primarily two variants viz. ECS Credit and ECS Debit. The facility is used by the bank customers for automatic debit to their account every month to…
FCNR (B) deposits and NRE deposits can be opened by Non-Resident Indians or persons of Indian Origin (PIO) or Overseas Citizens of India (OCI). The difference between FCNR (B) deposits and NRE deposits is that the FCNR-B (Bank) deposits are maintained only in Foreign Currencies term deposits and maturity of these deposits is payable in terms…
IntroductionCHIPS (Clearing House Interbank Payments System) and CHAPS (Clearing House Automated Payment System) are prominent high-value payment systems operating in different jurisdictions. While both facilitate large-value transactions, they differ in terms of currency, geographical scope, settlement mechanism, and typical usage. 1. CHIPS – Clearing House Interbank Payments SystemCHIPS is a U.S.-based electronic payment system primarily…
