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      Special Audits v/s Regular Audit: Purpose, Process, and Examples
      Accounting, BRBLBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 31, 2025

      In the world of banking and business, audits play a crucial role in maintaining financial transparency and regulatory compliance. While routine audits examine overall financial health, a **special audit** is different. It is conducted only under specific circumstances—such as suspected fraud, compliance violations, or financial irregularities. Unlike regular audits, which cover the entire financial landscape,…

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      Understanding Information Systems Audit (IS Audit)
      AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 30, 2025

      An Information Systems Audit (IS Audit) is a specialized review conducted to ensure the security, integrity, and effectiveness of an organization’s information technology infrastructure, especially vital in banking. IS Audit focuses on evaluating IT controls, risk management, and compliance within the computerized environment of banks. Purpose and Scope An IS Audit in banking aims to:…

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      Explained: Requirements of Banking Companies as to Accounts and Audit
      AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 30, 2025

      Correct and accurate compilation of financial information and its disclosure, in a manner that is standardized and understood by stakeholders, is central to the credibility of the corporates including banks. The preparation of financial information and its audit is regulated by the banking regulator in India (RBI) with stringent penalties for non-observance. Accounting Standards serve…

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      Discounted Cash Flow Valuation: Estimating Inputs
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 17, 2025

      Estimating inputs for a ‘Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) valuation’ is one of the most critical skills in corporate finance. Whether for banking, investment analysis, or project evaluation, accurate input estimation forms the foundation of a reliable valuation model. Introduction to DCF Valuation The DCF approach values a business, asset, or investment based on its ability…

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      Discounted Cash Flow Approach: Step-By-Step Guide to Valuation
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 17, 2025

      Introduction Understanding the true value of a business or investment opportunity is essential in finance. Among the various valuation methods, the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) approach stands out for its robust, future-focused perspective. This article explores the core steps involved in conducting a DCF analysis, helping both professionals and beginners grasp how to estimate intrinsic…

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       Direct Comparison Approach in Corporate Valuations
      ABFM, AccountingBy Surendra NaikAugust 16, 2025

       Introduction In the world of corporate valuations, one of the most practical and widely used methods is the Direct Comparison Approach. This method estimates the value of a company by comparing it with similar businesses that have been recently valued, sold, or listed in the market. Because it closely mirrors real market activity, it is…

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      Stock and Debt Approach in Corporate Valuations
      ABFM, AccountingBy Surendra NaikAugust 16, 2025

      In corporate finance and banking, understanding how to value a company is at the heart of smart decision-making. Whether it’s for investment, lending, mergers, or acquisitions, professionals rely on different valuation methods. One such method, widely respected for its practicality, is the Stock and Debt Approach. This method looks at both a company’s equity (stock)…

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      Adjusted Book Value Approach in Corporate Valuations
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 16, 2025

      Valuing a company accurately is fundamental for banking professionals, investors, and financial analysts. Among the various valuation methods, the Adjusted Book Value Approach stands out as a pragmatic and reliable way to determine a company’s worth by refining the traditional book value to better reflect economic realities. What is the Adjusted Book Value Approach? The…

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      Approaches to Corporate Valuation
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 16, 2025

      In the realm of corporate finance and banking, understanding how to accurately value a company is essential for investment decisions, mergers and acquisitions, financing, and strategic planning. Corporate valuation involves estimating the economic value of a business or company, and there are several approaches commonly used by analysts and investors. This article explores the primary…

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      Cash Flow Estimation in Capital Budgeting: A Comprehensive Overview
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 13, 2025

      IntroductionCash flow estimation in capital budgeting involves forecasting the future cash inflows and outflows associated with a proposed investment. Since these cash flows form the primary basis for assessing the financial viability of a project, accuracy in their projection is critical. The process typically includes estimating the initial cash outflows, annual operating cash inflows, and…

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      Methods of Investment Appraisal
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 12, 2025

      Investment appraisal methods are techniques used to evaluate investment proposals and assist companies in determining their desirability based on their income-generating potential. These methods also help rank proposals in order of preference. A sound appraisal method should enable the company to measure the real worth of a proposal and make informed accept-or-reject decisions. Investment appraisal…

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      Understanding NPV, IRR, DCF… in capital budgeting
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 12, 2025

      (This post explains what are NPV, IRR, DCF, Time value of money, Hurdle rate or opportunity cost of capital, accounting rate of return, pay- back period etc.) The price of groceries or any other items purchased by you today will not be same next year. The purchasing ability of a Rupee today is different (normally…

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SEBI introduces Riskometer labeling norms on dividend options for mutual fund schemes

Indian Financial SystemBy Surendra NaikOctober 7, 2020

The Capital market regulator SEBI has reviewed the guidelines for product labeling in mutual funds and has decided to introduce, ‘Very High Risk’ as the sixth risk profile for the MF schemes. According to SEBI notification, this new mutual fund rule shall be in force with effect from January 1, 2021, to all the existing…

These are IDRAI guidelines on health insurance policies

Bank Staff, InsuranceBy Surendra NaikOctober 4, 2020

The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) has issued guidelines to all General and Health Insurers offering indemnity-based Health Insurance products for both Individuals and Groups (excluding PA and Domestic / Overseas Travel). These provisions and guidelines were issued by IRDAI under the provisions of Section 34(1) of the Insurance Act, 1938, and…

Revised rates for Group Medical Insurance Policy for Bank Retirees

Bank StaffBy Surendra NaikOctober 3, 2020

National Insurance Company has sent their revised rates for Flexible Option coverage of Sum Insured. There is also an option to choose Self + Spouse or Self alone (in the case of single-person coverage).  The group policy for a period of 12 months which commences from 1st November 2020 and ends on 31st October has…

Revised/Reduced premium payable by Bank retirees for Group Insurance Policy

Bank Staff, UncategorizedBy Surendra NaikOctober 3, 2020

The high light of this year November 2020 to October 2021This time policy pensioner has the option to cover the Group Medical Insurance Policy for Retirees policy for Self+Spouce or self alone. Revised Group Medical Insurance Policy for Retirees has a flexible coverage scheme. Retirees also may also opt for the base insurance coverage of…

New rules on health insurance, DL, vehicle RC, foreign funds transfer, etc.

Indian Financial SystemBy Surendra NaikOctober 1, 2020

Effective from October 1, 2020, a number of changes taken place in respect of rules relating to health insurance coverage, driving licence , and registration certificate of vehicles, debit card, and credit card rules, Foreign fund transfer, FSSAI orders on foods, Ujwala connections, and Tax collection policy, etc. Here’s a brief look at the new…

RBI defers implementation of regulations under Basel III capital

Reserve Bank Functions and newsBy Surendra NaikSeptember 30, 2020

On Tuesday, September 29, 2020, in two separate notifications, RBI said it would push back the final tranche of the capital conservation buffer (CCB) and the implementation of the net stable funding ratio (NSFR) by six months due to uncertainty related to COVID crisis. The capital conservation buffer (CCB) is designed to ensure that banks…

RBI announces extension of Interim Relaxation in WMA limits and OD regulations

Reserve Bank Functions and newsBy Surendra NaikSeptember 29, 2020

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), announced the extension of the existing limit in Ways and Means Advances (WMA) limits and OD regulations for a further period of 6 months till March 31, 2021. The extension is available for all States/UTs to enable them to tide over the situation arising from the outbreak of the…

MPC meeting rescheduled & MSF Relaxation extended till 31, March 2021

Reserve Bank Functions and newsBy Surendra NaikSeptember 28, 2020

September 28, 2020 (Mumbai): The meeting of the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) during September 29, 30 and October 1, 2020 as announced by RBI vide Press Release 2019-2020/2248 dated April 20, 2020 is being rescheduled. The Central Bank communication said that the dates of the MPC’s meeting will be announced shortly. Marginal Standing Facility (MSF)…

Bill discount: Discount rate and effective interest rate explained

Loans and advancesBy Surendra NaikSeptember 27, 2020

A bill of exchange is a negotiable instrument issued by the seller (the creditor) and orders the buyer (the debtor) to pay a particular amount within a given period of time for the goods supplied or services rendered by the seller. On the due date of payment, the financial intermediary or the seller directly collects…

Positive Pay Cheque truncation system to be implemented from January 01, 2021

Current Account, Savings BankBy Surendra NaikSeptember 26, 2020

In its Statement on Developmental and Regulatory Policies dated August 6, 2020, wherein Reserve Bank of India (RBI) had announced the introduction of the Positive Pay System for Cheque Truncation System (CTS). On September 25, 2020, RBI has issued a circular stating that the Positive Pay System shall be implemented from January 01, 2021, for…

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