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      Special Audits v/s Regular Audit: Purpose, Process, and Examples
      Accounting, BRBLBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 31, 2025

      In the world of banking and business, audits play a crucial role in maintaining financial transparency and regulatory compliance. While routine audits examine overall financial health, a **special audit** is different. It is conducted only under specific circumstances—such as suspected fraud, compliance violations, or financial irregularities. Unlike regular audits, which cover the entire financial landscape,…

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      Understanding Information Systems Audit (IS Audit)
      AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 30, 2025

      An Information Systems Audit (IS Audit) is a specialized review conducted to ensure the security, integrity, and effectiveness of an organization’s information technology infrastructure, especially vital in banking. IS Audit focuses on evaluating IT controls, risk management, and compliance within the computerized environment of banks. Purpose and Scope An IS Audit in banking aims to:…

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      Explained: Requirements of Banking Companies as to Accounts and Audit
      AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 30, 2025

      Correct and accurate compilation of financial information and its disclosure, in a manner that is standardized and understood by stakeholders, is central to the credibility of the corporates including banks. The preparation of financial information and its audit is regulated by the banking regulator in India (RBI) with stringent penalties for non-observance. Accounting Standards serve…

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      Discounted Cash Flow Valuation: Estimating Inputs
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 17, 2025

      Estimating inputs for a ‘Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) valuation’ is one of the most critical skills in corporate finance. Whether for banking, investment analysis, or project evaluation, accurate input estimation forms the foundation of a reliable valuation model. Introduction to DCF Valuation The DCF approach values a business, asset, or investment based on its ability…

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      Discounted Cash Flow Approach: Step-By-Step Guide to Valuation
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 17, 2025

      Introduction Understanding the true value of a business or investment opportunity is essential in finance. Among the various valuation methods, the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) approach stands out for its robust, future-focused perspective. This article explores the core steps involved in conducting a DCF analysis, helping both professionals and beginners grasp how to estimate intrinsic…

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       Direct Comparison Approach in Corporate Valuations
      ABFM, AccountingBy Surendra NaikAugust 16, 2025

       Introduction In the world of corporate valuations, one of the most practical and widely used methods is the Direct Comparison Approach. This method estimates the value of a company by comparing it with similar businesses that have been recently valued, sold, or listed in the market. Because it closely mirrors real market activity, it is…

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      Stock and Debt Approach in Corporate Valuations
      ABFM, AccountingBy Surendra NaikAugust 16, 2025

      In corporate finance and banking, understanding how to value a company is at the heart of smart decision-making. Whether it’s for investment, lending, mergers, or acquisitions, professionals rely on different valuation methods. One such method, widely respected for its practicality, is the Stock and Debt Approach. This method looks at both a company’s equity (stock)…

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      Adjusted Book Value Approach in Corporate Valuations
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 16, 2025

      Valuing a company accurately is fundamental for banking professionals, investors, and financial analysts. Among the various valuation methods, the Adjusted Book Value Approach stands out as a pragmatic and reliable way to determine a company’s worth by refining the traditional book value to better reflect economic realities. What is the Adjusted Book Value Approach? The…

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      Approaches to Corporate Valuation
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 16, 2025

      In the realm of corporate finance and banking, understanding how to accurately value a company is essential for investment decisions, mergers and acquisitions, financing, and strategic planning. Corporate valuation involves estimating the economic value of a business or company, and there are several approaches commonly used by analysts and investors. This article explores the primary…

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      Cash Flow Estimation in Capital Budgeting: A Comprehensive Overview
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 13, 2025

      IntroductionCash flow estimation in capital budgeting involves forecasting the future cash inflows and outflows associated with a proposed investment. Since these cash flows form the primary basis for assessing the financial viability of a project, accuracy in their projection is critical. The process typically includes estimating the initial cash outflows, annual operating cash inflows, and…

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      Methods of Investment Appraisal
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 12, 2025

      Investment appraisal methods are techniques used to evaluate investment proposals and assist companies in determining their desirability based on their income-generating potential. These methods also help rank proposals in order of preference. A sound appraisal method should enable the company to measure the real worth of a proposal and make informed accept-or-reject decisions. Investment appraisal…

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      Understanding NPV, IRR, DCF… in capital budgeting
      ABFM, AccountingBy Ashish KarkeraAugust 12, 2025

      (This post explains what are NPV, IRR, DCF, Time value of money, Hurdle rate or opportunity cost of capital, accounting rate of return, pay- back period etc.) The price of groceries or any other items purchased by you today will not be same next year. The purchasing ability of a Rupee today is different (normally…

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What is Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana (PMVVY)?

Insurance, Wealth ManagementBy Surendra NaikOctober 13, 2019

Latest edit: May 26, 2020: LIC launches ‘Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana (Modified- 2020) Scheme  (for detail read PMVVY modified 2020) with an assured rate of return of 7.40% per annum. The new scheme opens from May 26, 2020, up till March 31, 2023, The ‘Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana ’ has been launched by…

What is Atal Pension Yojana (APY)?

Savings Bank, Wealth ManagementBy Surendra NaikOctober 12, 2019

Atal Pension Yojana (APY) was launched on 9th May 2015. The Savings Bank account holder in the age group of 18 to 40 years in any bank or post office is eligible to subscribe at Atal Pension Yojana (APY). The subscriber has to make monthly contributions of the defined amount until he or she is…

Unwelcome news to depositors of Savings and term deposits in banks

DepositsBy Surendra NaikOctober 9, 2019

State Bank of India, country’s largest lender announced the cut the interest rate on savings bank (SB) deposits up to Rs.1 lakh to 3.25 per cent from 3.50 per cent effective from November 1, 2019. The bank has also announced a reduction in interest rates on term deposits across select maturities. This has created panic…

RBI asks SLBCs to identify one district per state for Digital Payments Ecosystem expansion

Information TechnologyBy Surendra NaikOctober 8, 2019

With a view to expanding and deepening the digital payments ecosystem, on Monday, October 7, 2019, directed all state level bankers’ committees to find out one district each on a pilot basis to expand digital payments ecosystem. The development comes after the Statement on Developmental and Regulatory Policies announced by RBI on October 4, 2019,…

Scope of Special Non-Resident Rupee (SNRR) Account being enhanced: RBI

Deposits, Foreign ExchangeBy Surendra NaikOctober 7, 20192 Comments

RBI in its Statement on Developmental and Regulatory Policies, on Friday, October 4, 2019, announced that the scope of non-interest bearing Special Non-resident Rupee (SNRR) Account being enhanced. The statement said that in consultation with the Government, it is decided by RBI to permit persons resident outside India to open SNRR accounts, facilitating Rupee denominated…

RBI taking steps to develop Off-shore Rupee market

Foreign ExchangeBy Surendra NaikOctober 6, 2019

Reserve Bank of India, in the Statement on Developmental and Regulatory Policies announced on Friday October 4, 2019, announced that it would take steps to develop offshore Rupee Market based on the recommendation of Task Force on Offshore Rupee Markets. The Task Force chaired by Smt. Usha Thorat had recommended several important measures to develop…

RBI raises lending capacities of Micro Finance Institutions

Loans and advancesBy Surendra NaikOctober 5, 2019

RBI in its Statement on Developmental and Regulatory Policies announced, on Friday, October 4, 2019, raising the household income limit for borrowers of NBFC-MFIs from the current level of ₹ 1.00 lakh for rural areas and ₹ 1.60 lakh for urban/semi-urban areas to ₹ 1.25 lakh and ₹ 2.00 lakh, respectively. The Y.H.Malegam sub-committee of…

RBI slashes Repo rate by 25 Basis points

Reserve Bank Functions and newsBy Surendra NaikOctober 4, 2019

Today October 4, 2019, RBI decided to cut interest rate by 25 basis points. With this cut RBI reduced Repo rate for the fifth time in a row. While releasing the fifth Bi-Monthly Monetary Policy Rates for 2019-20  the MPC said that the rate is reduced on the basis of an assessment of the current…

Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme (SGB) 2019-20 Series V/VI/VII/VIII/IX/X

Wealth ManagementBy Surendra NaikOctober 3, 2019

The Government of India has announced issuance of the Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme 2019-20 Series in tranches starting from tranche series V to tranche series X every tranche which will be indicated on the Bond issued to the investor. Calendar of Issuance is as under: S. No. Tranche Date ofSubscription Date of Issuance   1…

Advantage of Sovereign Gold Bond over Physical form of gold

Wealth ManagementBy Surendra NaikOctober 3, 2019

The Reserve Bank of India, in consultation with the Government of India, issues Sovereign Gold Bonds from time to time in tranches. These bonds are a substitute for holding physical gold. Each of those tranches will be kept open for a specified period for investors to buy through banks, Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited…

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