The Memorandum of Association (MoA) and Articles of Association (AoA) are the two core constitutional documents of a company: the MoA defines the company’s external scope and objects, while the AoA governs internal rules and management; put simply, the MoA is the company’s charter and the AoA is its rulebook. Definitions Legal effect Contents at…
The doctrines of ultra vires, constructive notice, and indoor management collectively define the boundaries of a company’s powers and an outsider’s rights when dealing with a company; in essence, ultra vires limits corporate capacity, constructive notice protects the company by imputing knowledge of public documents to outsiders, and indoor management protects outsiders by presuming internal…
A company’s “member” is the person recorded in the register of members or as a depository’s beneficial owner; in short, a member is the legal owner on record, which may differ from the beneficial shareholder until registration aligns. Who is a member Modes of becoming member Cessation of membership Register of members Rights of members…
A prospectus is the primary disclosure document inviting the public to subscribe to or purchase a company’s securities; it communicates material information about the issuer, the offer, risks, and use of proceeds so investors can make informed decisions. In practical terms, the prospectus is an invitation to offer that must meet statutory content, filing, and…
Directors form the mind and will of a company, with statutory rules governing how many are required, how they are appointed and retire, what rights and powers they wield, the fiduciary duties they owe, and how compensation is regulated. In brief, public companies need at least three directors, private companies two, and OPCs one, with…
The key differences between a Private Limited Company and a Public Limited company are tabled below. Particulars Public Limited Company Private Limited Company Minimum Number of share holders A Public limited company requires minimum 7 share- holders. A Private Limited Company requires minimum 2 share- holders. Maximum Number of Share Holders There is no limit…
The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) has introduced Form INC-29, for registration and obtaining the certificate of incorporation that lessens paperwork to a large extent. This 8 pages new form is used as an alternate process to do away with the earlier process of filling out several forms separately for allotment of DIN, Name of the company…
The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 was enacted with the objective of providing free and competent legal services to weaker sections of society, thereby ensuring access to justice for all. One of the most important mechanisms introduced under this Act is the Lok Adalat system, which promotes alternative dispute resolution to reduce the burden on…
This article provides a precise, action-oriented reading of limitation mechanics for banking disputes and recoveries. For drafting, litigation strategy, and collections operations, building a limitation dashboard keyed to instrument type, default date, and acknowledgment/part-payment events is the most reliable defense against time-barred claims. The Law of Limitation is the procedural backbone that determines when legal…
In commercial transactions, sellers often extend credit to buyers. However, when payment defaults occur, the seller faces financial risk. To protect their interest, the law recognizes a category called unpaid seller and grants specific rights to such sellers. Understanding these rights is vital for businesses, financial institutions, and legal professionals, particularly in the banking and…
