IntroductionForeign exchange (FX) dealing room operations are central to the functioning of modern banking institutions, particularly those engaged in international trade and financial services. These operations involve the buying and selling of currencies to support the liquidity, profitability, and risk management objectives of banks. FX dealing rooms not only act as profit centers but also…
IntroductionAn Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) refers to a framework of procedures employed to regulate a country’s currency exchange rate relative to other currencies. It forms a critical component of a nation’s monetary policy and is typically administered by the central bank. While exchange rates are largely determined by global market dynamics—primarily the supply and demand…
IntroductionForeign exchange, commonly referred to as forex, entails the conversion of one currency into another. The foreign exchange market is the platform where such conversions take place, serving as a critical component of the global financial system. Exchange rates—the prices at which one currency is exchanged for another—are primarily determined by supply and demand dynamics.…
IntroductionForeign exchange (Forex or FX) refers to the process of converting one currency into another at a specific rate, known as the foreign exchange rate. Forex trading involves the buying and selling of currency pairs—such as USD/INR or EUR/INR—and is an essential component of international trade, investment, and global financial systems. Determinants of Exchange Rates…
A digital payment sometimes called an electronic payment, is a good alternative to traditional methods of cash payment and speeds up transaction cycles from person to person, person to business, person to government, Government to person, business to business, business to Government, etc. “Faceless, Paperless, Cashless” is one of the professed roles of the Digital…
Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS) is a scheme introduced by RBI as liberalisation measure to facilitate Resident Individuals (RI) to freely remit funds up to USD 2,50,000/- outside India in a financial year (April to March) for any permissible current or capital account transaction or a combination of both. Any resident individual including a minor is…
A non-residential Indian is a person who stays outside India for 182 days or more An Indian citizen or a foreign citizen of Indian origin who has stayed abroad for employment/carrying out business or vocation for 182 days or more during the period of the foreseeing financial year. Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) are permitted to open…
The foreign exchange market, or Forex Market (FX market), is a global decentralized over-the-counter (OTC) marketplace for trading currencies. Participants in the FX market engage in buying and selling foreign currencies, determining exchange rates for global currencies. It is the largest financial market in the world, comprising a global network of financial centers that operate…
IntroductionBanking fraud refers to a spectrum of deliberate acts intended to deceive and unlawfully benefit from financial transactions or services. These fraudulent activities can target various banking operations, including account openings, lending processes, fund transfers, and digital banking. Understanding the common areas in which frauds are committed is essential for institutions to develop preventive mechanisms…
IntroductionThe Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has established a comprehensive regulatory framework for private sector and foreign banks to ensure financial integrity, mitigate risks, and uphold the stability of the banking system. These guidelines focus on fraud reporting, customer due diligence, vigilance mechanisms, and cybersecurity infrastructure. Adherence to these norms is critical to maintaining transparency,…