Introduction Basel I, formally known as the Basel Capital Accord, was the first set of international banking regulations developed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. Introduced in 1988 and implemented by G10 countries in 1992, its primary objective was to enhance the stability of the global banking system through standardized capital adequacy requirements and…
BCBS is a committee of banking supervisory authorities that was established by the central bank governors of the G-10 countries in 1974 with a proposal of working towards building new international financial structures with the goal of minimizing credit risk in financial sector. Basel accord is the guidelines on regulatory standards formulated by Basel committee on…
Three Pillars of Basel II accord: First Pillar of Basel II deals with maintenance of regulatory Capital calculated on three major risks the bankers are facing viz. Credit risk, Operation risk and Market risk. Second Pillar of Basel II deals with the regulatory answer to the first pillar, which enables the banks to review their…
In today’s dynamic and increasingly complex financial world, risk-based regulation has become essential for ensuring the resilience, integrity, and adaptability of the banking sector. Unlike one-size-fits-all approaches, risk-based regulation tailors regulatory expectations based on the specific risks each institution faces. This allows for smarter resource allocation, improved risk mitigation, and better preparedness against emerging threats…
Banking regulation is fundamental to the integrity and stability of the financial system. It serves to prevent bank failures, protect depositors, reduce systemic risks, and promote public confidence. Effective regulation ensures that banks operate in a safe, sound, and transparent manner, enabling efficient capital allocation and fostering sustainable economic growth. Necessity of Banking Regulation 1.…
Risk regulation is a cornerstone of financial stability. Banks operate in a complex environment and are exposed to various risks that can impact their solvency, profitability, and public trust. To safeguard the financial system, banks must adhere to stringent regulatory frameworks designed to ensure sound risk management and operational integrity. Key Risk Areas in Banking…
In banking parlance ‘Capital charge’ refers to capital requirement (also known as regulatory capital or capital adequacy). The capital charge is usually articulated as a capital adequacy ratio (CAR) of equity that must be held as a percentage of risk-weighted assets. The banking regulator of a country tracks a bank’s CAR to ensure that the…
Off-Balance Sheet (OBS) exposures refer to financial activities that do not appear on a bank’s balance sheet but can still present significant risks. These activities typically involve contingent assets or liabilities—such as loan commitments, letters of credit, and derivatives—that may result in potential gains or losses depending on future events. Understanding and managing these exposures…
In the context of banking and regulatory capital management, it is essential to distinguish between the banking book and the trading book, as each carries distinct types of risk and is subject to different regulatory treatments under the Basel framework. Interest Rate Risk in the Banking Book (IRRBB) IRRBB refers to the current or anticipated…
IntroductionThe banking business is inherently exposed to a wide range of risks that can adversely affect its financial health, operational integrity, and reputation. These risks—if not properly identified and managed—can lead to substantial losses and systemic instability. Risk identification is the foundational step in a bank’s risk management process, serving as the basis for proactive…
