Information Technology Act, 2000 — E‑Governance, Signatures, CAs, Enforcement, and Critical Infrastructure
The Information Technology Act, 2000 grants legal recognition to electronic records and electronic/digital signatures, enables e‑governance, regulates Certifying Authorities, establishes adjudication and appellate mechanisms, and creates offences and safeguards tailored to the digital environment in India. Definitions Electronic governance Certifying authorities Digital/electronic signature and certificates Attribution, dispatch, and receipt Penalties, adjudication, and appeal Investigation powers…
Read article Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 — Definitions, Special Judges, Offences, Penalties, Fines, and Investigation
The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 creates a consolidated framework to criminalize corruption involving public servants and connected private actors, establishes special courts for speedier trials, and prescribes clear investigation, prosecution, and penalty mechanisms. Definitions Special Judges Offences Penalties and fixing of fines Sanction, presumptions, and appeals Investigation authorization and powers Compliance and governance takeaways…
Read article Punishments Under India’s Consumer Protection Act, 2019: What Banks and Businesses Should Know
India’s Consumer Protection Act, 2019 is designed to safeguard consumer rights and impose strict penalties on businesses that fail to comply. Whether it’s a misleading advertisement, selling adulterated products, or ignoring consumer forum orders, the law prescribes serious consequences — including imprisonment and hefty fines. Below is a simplified breakdown of the key provisions relevant…
Read article Navigating the Consumer Protection Act, 2019: Councils, Commissions, CCPA, and 2021 Jurisdiction Rules
Scope and purpose The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 replaces the 1986 law to strengthen remedies, expand definitions to cover e-commerce, and create a dedicated regulator with investigation and enforcement powers for consumer rights, misleading ads, unfair practices, and product liability. Its objective clause establishes authorities for timely and effective administration and settlement of consumer disputes,…
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Tax Laws in India: Income Tax, Commodity Transaction Tax, and GST
India’s tax framework combines direct and indirect levies to fund public expenditure, shape economic behavior, and promote equity and efficiency across markets. For financial institutions and corporates, understanding how Income Tax, Commodity Transaction Tax, and GST interact is essential for compliance, pricing, and risk management. Income Tax Commodity Transaction Tax (CTT) Goods and Services Tax…
Conditions and Warranties: Meaning, Implied Conditions and Warranties
In commercial contracts—especially sale of goods and service arrangements—understanding conditions and warranties is essential for drafting, risk allocation, enforcement, and remedies. The distinction determines whether a breach allows termination or only damages, which is critical for supply, procurement, and banking vendor contracts. Meaning Practical difference Implied conditions Implied warranties Banking and finance relevance Drafting tips…
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